Friday, September 2, 2011

Mahakama yapata kigugumizi Yashindwa kufuta Sheria ya Mirathi

MAHAKAMA Kuu ya Tanzania, Kanda ya Dar es Salaam, imekataa kufuta Sheria ya Mirathi ya Kimila ya mwaka 1963, katika kesi ya kikatiba namba 82/2005, iliyofunguliwa na wajane wawili kutoka mkoani Shinyanga.


Wajane hao waliomba mahakama ibatilishe sheria hiyo kwa maelezo kwamba inakinzana na Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ya mwaka 1977.


Jopo la majaji watatu, Salum Massati, Augustine Shangwa, wakiongozwa na Jaji Thomas Mihayo, walisema mahakama inakiri kuwa sheria hiyo ina ubaguzi, hata hivyo mahakama haiwezi kuamuru ifutwe kwa vile mila za makabila ya Kitanzania zinaendelea kukua na kubadilika kila kukicha.


Jaji Mihayo alisema sheria hiyo iliyotamkwa kwenye tamko la serikali la mwaka 1963, ikifutwa ni wazi makabila mengine yatadai sheria zinazoyabana zifutwe.

TANZANIA of Customary and Islamic laws of Inheritance

RECOMMENDED REFORMS for TANZANIA of Customary and Islamic laws of Inheritance


The Tanzanian government has established precedents for enacting statutes that supersede customary and Islamic law. For example, sections of the Penal Code, the Law of Marriage Act and the customary law displace provisions of Islamic law. In addition, provisions of the Law of Marriage Act and recent land legislation have preempted customary law. With this in mind, the arguments that customary and Islamic laws are sacred ground that the government may not tread upon cannot withstand scrutiny. B. The Tanzanian government has already enacted laws that supersede Islamic laws The Tanzanian government has already enacted legislation that preempts Islamic law as set forth in the Koran. 


For example, the Koran mandates that individuals found guilty of theft must be punished by having their hand amputated. But, pursuant to Section 265 of the Tanzanian Penal Code, theft is punishable by five years in prison, not by amputation of the hand. Just as Tanzania does not permit the Koran to dictate the punishment for Muslim thieves in Tanzania, it should not permit the Koran to govern the rules for distributing a Muslim person’s estate upon his or her death. There are also provisions of statutory law that supersede Islamic laws regulating the private sphere of family life. Specifically, the Law of Marriage Act of 1971 sometimes supersedes Islamic law on mainland Tanzania. 

SHERIA YA MIRATHI YA TANZANIA



SHERIA YA USIMAMIZI WA MIRATHI SURA YA 352 YA SHERIA ZA TANZANIA

1. SHERIA HII INASHUGHULIKA NA MAMBO YAPI NA INA LENGO GANI HASA?

Lengo kuu la sheria hii ni kutoa utaratibu wa kusimamia mali za marehemu baada ya kifo chake ikiwamo kuhamisha umiliki wa mali hizo kutoka kwa marehemu kwenda kwa watu wenye haki ya kuzipata mali hizo.Nia hasa ni kwamba mali alizoacha marehemu zisibaki zikiharibika na kupotea bure,au warithi halali au watu wenye maslahi na mali za marehemu,kwa mfano wale wanaomdai hawapotezi haki hiyo, bali awepo mtu ambaye atazisimamia na kuzigawa kwa wahusika wakiwamo wadai na kuepusha mgongano katika jamii husika.Hivyo sheria inamuweka msimamizi wa kugawa mirathi husika na mamlaka yake.

2. MAHAKAMA ZIPI ZINA MAMLAKA YA KUSIKILIZA MASUALA HAYA
Mirathi inaweza kufunguliwa katika mahakama mbalimbali kutegemea na sheria itakayosimamia mirathi husika.

v Kama sheria ya kimila itatumika katika kugawa mirathi basi shauri la kuomba usimamizi wa mirathi litafunguliwa katika Mahakama ya Mwanzo.Msimamizi wa mirathi anatakiwa airidhishe mahakama kwamba marehemu kutokana na maneno yake,mfumo wake wa maisha au maandishi aliyoacha,alionyesha nia kwamba mirathi yake alitaka iendeshwe kwa kufuata sheria za kimila.

v Kama sheria itakayotumika ni ya kiisilamu basi shauri la kuomba usimamizi wa mirathi litafunguliwa Mahakama ya Mwanzo.Msimamizi wa mirathi anatakiwa airidhishe mahakama kwamba marehemu kutokana na maneno yake,mfumo wake wa maisha au maandishi aliyoacha,alionyesha nia kwamba mirathi yake alitaka iendeshwe kwa kufuata sheria za kiislamu.

TANZANIA KUTUNGA SHERIA KUHUSU DNA



CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 Mandate
The Law Reform Commission of Tanzania (in this paper to be referred to as ‘the Commission’) is established by the Law Reform Commission of Tanzania Act[1]. The Commission has the mandate to undertake and keep under review all the laws of the United Republic of Tanzania, with a view to its systematic development and reform[2].

The procedure to undertake any such review could either be at the instance of the Commission itself subject to informing the Attorney General, or by any reference given by the Attorney General.

1.2 Background
The basis of this study was a request from the then Ministry of Health which on 24th October, 2005 requested the Commission to undertake a thorough research on DNA Identification and Genetic with a view to set a legal framework of which its Bill will be expected to be tabled in the November, 2006 Parliamentary session.

The reference emanates from the absence of a specific law regulating the technology. Admittedly, the Government Chemist Laboratory Agency has been receiving biological evidence samples for DNA testing without having a specific legislation to ensure that the privacy, legal, ethical and human right issues of an individual are properly addressed and protected.

SHERIA YA TAFLISI


1.TAFLISI MAANA YAKE NINI?

Tanzania kama nchi nyingine duniani,uwekezaji/ujasilimali na ukopaji wa benki au taasisi za fedha umekuwa ukiongezeka na biashara zimekuwa zikianzishwa na watu binafsi au kwa Ushirika.Asilimia kubwa ya watanzania wamekuwa wakijiajiri wenyewe hasa baada ya ajira za serikali kuwa ngumu.Vile vile ahadi ya serikali kutoa shilingi bilioni mija imehamasisha ufunguaji wa biashara za aina mbali mbali.Lakini hakuna hakika kama biashara hizo zinaweza kudumu kwa zaidi ya miaka mitano mpaka kumi.Mara nyingi biashara hizo huanguka kutokana na ukosefu wa elimu ya biashara na kuzifanya ziangukie madeni makubwa na kukaribisha mlolongo wa kesi mbalimbali zikiwamo za kutaka kuwafilisi.Taflisi ni mashauri ambayo yanafunguliwa pale ambapo mdaiwa hawezi kulipa madenia yake au pale mtu ambaye anamdai hajatimiliziwa deni lake,hivyo basi katika mazingira hayo mali zake huchukuliwa na kugawanywa kwa watu wanaomdai.

Ni tangazo rasmi la kisheria la kutokuwa na uwezo wa kulipa madeni.Hii inatokeapale madeni yanapokuwa makubwa kuliko mtaji.

Kuna sheria mbili zinazoonyesha utaratibu wa kufanya mambo endapo suala la kutokuluoa madeni linajitokeza.Kuna hili suala la makampuni kushindwa kulipa madeni.Hili mahala pake ni kwenya sheria ya makampuni.Hivyo basi kama unaidai kampuni na unataka ilazimishwe kulipa madeni kwa namna inayofanana na kufilisiwa,njia muafaka ni kufuata sheria ya makampuni.Lakini linapokuja suala la watu binafsi,washirika wa biashara[partnership]na vyombo ambavyo si makampuni,basi sheria muafaka ni sheria ya Taflisi

MUHTASARI WA SHERIA MBALIMBALI ZA TANZANIA



KATIBA YA JAMHURI YA MUUNGANO WA TANZANIA
Katiba ilianza kutumika tarehe 26 April 1977
KUJIUZULU KWA VIONGOZI WA KIKATIBA
IBARA YA 149
a] RAISI WA JAMHURI YA MUUNGANO-Taarifa ya kujiuzuru ataiwasilisha kwa spika

b] SPIKA/NAIBU WAKE –Taarifa hiyo ataiwasilisha kwenye Bunge la Jamhuri

c] MBUNGE-Taarifa hiyo ataiwasilisha kwa Spika

d] Kama mtu ameteuliwa/ amechaguliwa atawasilisha kwa mtu aliyemteua/aliyemchagua e.g anaweza kuwa mtu au kikao

PROCEDURE-Taarifa ya kujiuzulu ataiwasilisha kwa kutoa taarifa ya maandishi na kutiliwa sahihi na mkono wake.

WATU AMBAO KIKATIBA MADARAKA YAO HAYAWEZI KUKAIMIWA
Ibara ya 150-Waziri,Naibu Waziri,Jaji wa Mahakama ya Rufani,Jaji wa Mahakama Kuu,Mjumbe wa Tume ya Kudumu ya Uchunguzi au Mjumbe wa Tume ya Uchaguzi.
MAMBO YA MUUNGANO
1. Katiba ya Tanzania na Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania
2. Mambo ya nchi za nje
3. Ulinzi na Usalama
4. Polisi
5. Mamlaka juu ya mambo yanahusika na utangazaji wa hali ya hatari
6. Uraia
7. Uhamiaji
8. Mikopo na biashara ya nchi za nje
9. Utumishi katika serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano
10. Kodi ya mapato ,forodha na ushuru unaosimamiwa na idara ya forodha.
11. Bandari,usafiri wa anga,Posta na Simu
12. Sarafu na fedha kwa ajili ya Malipo yote halali,Mabenki na shughuli zote za mabenki,Fedha za kigeni na usimamizi wa fedha za kigeni.
13. Leseni ya viwanda na Takwimu
14. Maliasili ya Mafuta na gesi.
15. Baraza la Mitihani la Taifa
16. Usafiri na usafirishaji wa anga
18. Utafiti
19. Takwimu
20. Mahakama ya Rufani ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania
21. Uandikishaji wa vyama vya siasa.