tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63325861736450136042024-03-14T00:02:56.869-07:00TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERAdministrative / Public Law / Agriculture Law / Arbitration Law / Banking Law / Civil Law / Commentated Laws / Commercial Law / Communications And Media Law / Company Law / Constitutional Law / Construction Law / Criminal Law / Electoral Law / Energy Law / Environmental Law / Health Law / Insurance Law / Intellectual Property Law / Labor Law / Law Sources / Litigation And Court Procedure / Mining Law / Tax Law / Transport And Maritime Law /TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.comBlogger73125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-37094573867098044902015-11-11T10:09:00.004-08:002015-11-11T10:09:35.343-08:00THE CYBER CRIMES ACT, 2015 - TANZANIA<img height="360" src="http://udakuoriginal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/tanzania-cyber-crime-law.jpg" width="640" /><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Extracts from legal and court papers below:</span></b></h2>
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<b style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">REPORTABLE</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">IN THE HIGH COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>(EASTERN CAPE</b><b>, GRAHAMSTOWN)</b></span></div>
<br /><b style="font-size: 13px;">CASE NO: CA 165/2008</b><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the matter between</span><br /><b style="font-size: 13px;">MIETA M RYAN</b><b style="font-size: 13px;"> Appellant</b><br /><br /><b style="font-size: 13px;">VS</b><br /><b style="font-size: 13px;">RODWIN PETRUS Respondent</b><br /><b style="font-size: 13px;">JUDGMENT</b><br /><u style="font-size: 13px;"><b>PICKERING J</b></u><span style="font-size: x-small;">:</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">I turn then to consider the words uttered by defendant. It will be convenient to commence with the use of the highly offensive word “</span><i style="font-size: 13px;">kaffir</i><span style="font-size: x-small;">”.</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">As far back as 1976 James JP in </span><u style="font-size: 13px;">Ciliza v Minister of Police and Another</u><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><a href="http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=1976%20%284%29%20SA%20243" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0d4462; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">1976 (4) SA 243</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (N), after having referred to various dictionary definitions of the word, stated at 247H:</span><br /><b style="font-size: 13px;">“<i>It follows that in my opinion one of the recognised meanings which the word </i>‘Kaffir’<i> now bears in South Africa is that such a person is uncivilised, uncouth and coarse and that if one calls a person a </i>‘Kaffir’<i> this will in certain circumstances constitute an iniuria.</i>”</b><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">In that matter a white policeman had used the word in addressing the plaintiff, who was a black man. Plaintiff was awarded the sum of R150,00 as damages.</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">In </span><u style="font-size: 13px;">Mbatha v Van Staden</u><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><a href="http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=1982%20%282%29%20SA%20260" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0d4462; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">1982 (2) SA 260</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (N) the plaintiff, a black man, sued the defendant, a white man, for iniuria after the defendant had repeatedly called him a “</span><i style="font-size: 13px;">kaffir</i><span style="font-size: x-small;">” and assaulted him. At 262 H – 263A Didcott J stated as follows:</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">“</span><i style="font-size: 13px;">The tirade’s worst feature was the use of the epithet </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">‘kaffer’</span><i style="font-size: 13px;">. Such alone can amount today to an actionable wrong, according to the decision of the Full Bench here in </i><i style="font-size: 13px;"><u>Ciliza v Minister of Police and Another</u></i><i style="font-size: 13px;"> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=1976%20%284%29%20SA%20243" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0d4462; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">1976 (4) SA 243</a> (N). Everything depends, of course, on the context in which the word is uttered. Settings which make it innocuous can no doubt be imagined. Ordinarily, however, that is not the case when, in South Africa nowadays, a Black man or woman is called a </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">‘kaffer’</span><i style="font-size: 13px;"> by somebody of another race. Then, as a rule, the term is a derogatory and contemptuous one. With much the same ring as the word </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">‘nigger’</span><i style="font-size: 13px;"> in the United States, it disparages the Black race and the person concerned as a member of that race. It is deeply offensive to blacks. Just about everyone knows that by now. The intention to offend can therefore be taken for granted, on most occasions at any rate.</i><span style="font-size: x-small;">”</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">The plaintiff was awarded the sum of R2 000,00 as damages.<a name='more'></a></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">In </span><u style="font-size: 13px;">S v Puluza</u><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 1983 (2) P.H. H150 (E) van Rensburg J (with whom Jennett AJ concurred) referred with approval to the </span><u style="font-size: 13px;">Ciliza</u><span style="font-size: x-small;"> and</span><u style="font-size: 13px;">Mbatha</u><span style="font-size: x-small;"> cases, </span><i style="font-size: 13px;">supra</i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> and added:</span><br /><b style="font-size: 13px;">“<i>(W)hen a black man is called a ‘</i>kaffir<i>’ by somebody of another race, as a rule the term is one which is disparaging, derogatory and contemptuous and causes humiliation.</i>”</b><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">See too: </span><u style="font-size: 13px;">S v Steenberg </u><a href="http://www.saflii.org/cgi-bin/LawCite?cit=1999%20%281%29%20SACR%20594" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0d4462; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">1999 (1) SACR 594</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (N).</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">In the present case neither party is a black African. It may well be that if the word is uttered pejoratively by a white person to a black person the amount of damages which would be awarded to compensate the latter for the affront would be greater than when the recipient of the insult was not a black African, because of the racial overtones involved. It is, however, not necessary to determine this issue. In the present case it is abundantly clear from the context in which the word was used that defendant intended to give offence and used the word in its injurious sense of uncivilised, uncouth and coarse. As was stated in </span><u style="font-size: 13px;">Ciliza’s</u><span style="font-size: x-small;"> case, </span><i style="font-size: 13px;">supra</i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> at 248H such a use of the word constitutes an unlawful aggression upon appellant’s dignity.</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">*** **** ****</span><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">The </i><i style="font-size: 13px;">actio injuriarum is a civil claim where a wronged party sues for monetary compensation.</i><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">Race based insults that are directed at individuals have traditionally been dealt with under this head. For example, compensation was given to a victim for derogatory use of the word ‘kaffir’ in Mbatha v Van Staden.</i><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">Racist insults can also be criminal and result in criminal penalties and a criminal record. ‘[P]rovided the required intention is proved, … calling a person a ‘kaffir’ is a violation of that person’s </i><i style="font-size: 13px;">dignitas and constitutes the crime of </i><i style="font-size: 13px;">crimen injuria’.</i><br /><br /><b style="font-size: 13px;"><i>In </i><i>S v Steenberg </i><i>the view was expressed that the decision to criminalise the </i><i>intentional degrading use of the word ‘kaffir’ is ‘today under the new</i><i>dispensation even more valid’ than it was under apartheid.</i></b><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">While derogatory language is reprehensible and </i><i style="font-size: 13px;">reflects appallingly on the perpetrator rather than the victim, it seems that</i><i style="font-size: 13px;">the more disempowered a group, the more its members need legal</i><span style="font-size: x-small;">p</span><i style="font-size: 13px;">rotection. </i><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">The Judge compared the case with S v Steenberg </i><i style="font-size: 13px;">where a white accused </i><i style="font-size: 13px;">insulted a black complainant by calling him a ‘kaffir’ and was sentenced to R1 000 or six months conditionally suspended for five years.</i><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">The Steenberg </i><i style="font-size: 13px;">case was regarded as more serious because:</i><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">‘Steenberg was of a previously advantaged class who gratuitously without any kind of provocation from the complainant, delivered a stinging insult to a man of previously disadvantaged class who was bound to feel severely hurt by it. There is no reason to doubt that if the suspended sentence were to be put into operation, Steenkamp was in a position to pay the fine and escape the alternative prison</i><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">sentence… </i><br /><i style="font-size: 13px;">But the delivery of insults often says more about the person who delivers them than about the person to whom they are delivered. Having due regard to the complainant’s high standing, this was in my view a clear case in which he was well placed to withstand the insults on the basis that they reflected much greater discredit on the accused than on the complainant. </i><i style="font-size: 13px;">.’</i><br /><br /></span></span><br /><span style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://blogs.24.com/jeanihess/2012/05/17/saying-kaffir-is-a-punishable-offence/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0d4462; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Saying “KAFFIR” is a punishable offence</a></span></span></blockquote>
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TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-31383343403238486432013-09-28T07:20:00.002-07:002013-09-28T07:21:31.982-07:00Citizenship Law in Africa A Comparative Study<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">Citizenship Law in Africa</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">A Comparative Study</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">By Bronwen Manby</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/docs/OtherEntities/OSJI%20CitizenshipAfricaStudy.pdf">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/docs/OtherEntities/OSJI%20CitizenshipAfricaStudy.pdf</a></span><br />
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<a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/docs/OtherEntities/OSJI%20CitizenshipAfricaStudy.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/docs/OtherEntities/OSJI%20CitizenshipAfricaStudy.pdf</span></a>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-88871576455925212112013-09-28T07:18:00.001-07:002013-09-28T07:18:13.208-07:00NUMERICAL INDEX TO PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION of TANZANIA RV.2002<span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 1</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Interpretation of Laws Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 2</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><a href="http://kipimautu.wikifoundry.com/page/National+News%2C+law+and+Issues" style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #3877cb; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" target="_self">Katiba Ya Jamhuri Ya Muungano Wa Tanzania, Ya Mwaka</a><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><a href="http://kipimautu.wikifoundry.com/page/National+News%2C+law+and+Issues" style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #3877cb; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" target="_self">Chapter 3</a><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Basic Rights and Duties Enforcement Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 4</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Laws Revision Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 5</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Government Proceedings Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 6</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Evidence Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 7</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Judgements Extension Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 8</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Reciprocal Enforcement of Foreign Judgements Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 9</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Presidential Affairs Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 10</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Emblems Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 11</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Magistrates' Courts Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 12</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Notaries Public and Commissioners for Oaths Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 13</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Children and Young Persons Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 14</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Hire Purchase Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 15</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Arbitration Act</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 16</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Penal Code</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 17</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Corporal Punishment Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 18</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Witchcraft Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 19</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Prevention of Gambling Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 20</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Criminal Procedure Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 21</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Legal Aid (Criminal Proceedings) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 22</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Rural Farmlands (Acquisition and Regrant) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 23</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Opticians Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 24</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Inquests Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 25</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Bankruptcy Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 26</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Deeds of Arrangement Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 27</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Administrator-General (Powers and Functions) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 28</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Succession (Non-Christian Asiatics) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 29</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Law of Marriage Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 30</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Sisal Industry Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 31</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Trustee (Powers and Functions) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 32</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Commissions of Inquiry Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 33</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Civil Procedure Code</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 34</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Oaths and Statutory Declarations Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 35</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Holidays Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 36</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Registration and Identification of Persons Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 37</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Refugees Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 38</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Investment Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 39</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Expulsion of Undesirables Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 40</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania-Zambia Pipeline Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 41</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Lotteries Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 42</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Pools and Lotteries Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 43</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Age of Majority Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 44</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Microfinance Bank Ltd. Incorporation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 45</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Explosives Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 46</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Industries (Licensing and Registration) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 47</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Security Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 48</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Health Laboratory Technologists Registration Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 49</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Sports Council of Tanzania Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 50</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Social Security Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 51</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Provident Fund (Government Employees) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 52</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Kiswahili Council Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 53</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Trustee Investments Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 54</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Immigration Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 55</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Sisal Corporation (Establishment and Vesting of Assets) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 56</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Audit Corporation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 57</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Fugitive Offenders (Pursuit) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 58</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Prisons Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 59</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Institute for Medical Research Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 60</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Industrial Court of Tanzania Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 61</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Children's Homes (Regulation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 62</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Urban Leaseholds (Acquisition and Regrant) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 63</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Engineers Registration Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 64</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Occupiers Liability Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 65</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tourist Agents (Licensing) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 66</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanganyika Red Cross Society Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 67</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Witness Summonses (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 68</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Boy Scouts Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 69</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Girl Guides Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 70</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Medical Stores Department Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 71</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Resettlement of Offenders Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 72</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Graves (Removal) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 73</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Internationally Notifiable Diseases (Prevention) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 74</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Protected Places and Areas Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 75</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Road Frontage Premia Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 76</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Officers (Recovery of Debts) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 77</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Intoxicating Liquors Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 78</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Agricultural Products (Control of Movement) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 79</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Capital Markets and Securities Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 80</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Civil Aviation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 81</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Investment Bank (Repeal and Transitional Provisions) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 82</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Vocational Education and Training Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 83</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Co-operative College Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 84</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Foreign Vehicles Transit Charges Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 85</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Merchandise Marks Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 86</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Ocean Road Cancer Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 87</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Building Societies Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 88</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Co-operative and Rural Development Bank (Repeal and Transitional Provisions) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 89</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Law of Limitation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 90</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Minimum Sentences Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 91</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Institute of Finance Management Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 92</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Aerodromes (Licensing and Control) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 93</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Mzumbe University Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 94</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 95</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Drugs and Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Drugs Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 96</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Infectious Diseases Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 97</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Regional Administration Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 98</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Mental Diseases Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 99</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Mosquitoes (Control) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 100</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tsetse Fly (Control) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 101</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 102</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Library Services Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 103</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Board of Internal Trade Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 104</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Entertainments Tax Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 105</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Hotels Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 106</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Employees’ Terminal Benefits Schemes (Registration and Regulation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 107</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Examinations Council of Tanzania Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 108</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Births and Deaths Registration Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 109</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Food and Nutrition Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 110</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Social Welfare Training Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 111</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Peoples Militia Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 112</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Small Industries Development Organisation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 113</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Land Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 114</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Village Land Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 115</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Parliamentary Services Commission Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 116</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Land Use Planning Commission Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 117</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Registration of Documents Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 118</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Land Acquisition Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 119</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Corporations Sole (Establishment) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 120</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Hides and Skin Trade Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 121</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Audio-Visual Institute of Dar-Es-Salaam Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 122</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Ardhi Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 123</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Mining Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 124</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Motor Vehicles (Tax On Registration and Transfer) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 125</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Production Development Funds Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 126</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Special Tribunals Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 127</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Privatisation Trust Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 128</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Assayers Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 129</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Council for Technical Education Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 130</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Standards Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 131</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Electricity Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 132</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Kariakoo Market Corporation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 133</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Plant Protection Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 134</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Government Loans, Guarantees and Grants Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 135</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Grass Fires (Control) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 136</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Private Health Laboratories (Regulation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 137</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Produce Export Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 138</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Rufiji Basin Development Authority Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 139</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Institute of Adult Education Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 140</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Joint Finance Commission Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 141</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Appellate Jurisdiction Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 142</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Institute of Education Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 143</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania-Zambia Railway Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 144</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Dar Es Salaam Institute of Technology Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 145</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Industrial Studies and Consulting Organisation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 146</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Marine Parks and Reserves Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 147</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Excise (Management and Tariff) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 148</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Value Added Tax Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 149</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania News Agency (Repealing) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 150</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Muhimbili National Hospital Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 151</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Private Hospitals (Regulation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 152</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Medical Practitioners and Dentists Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 153</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Animals (Protection) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 154</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Animals (Pounds) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 155</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Board of External Trade Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 156</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Animal Diseases Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 157</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Meteorology Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 158</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Wattle Bark Industry Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 159</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organisation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 160</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Milling Corporation Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 161</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tropical Pesticides Research Institute Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 162</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Construction Council Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 163</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Motor Vehicle Driving Schools (Licensing) Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 164</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 165</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Merchant Shipping Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 166</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Harbours Authority Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 167</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Highways Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 168</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Road Traffic Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 169</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Motor Vehicles Insurance Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 170</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Railways Corporation Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 171</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Law Reform Commission of Tanzania Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 172</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Inland Water Transport Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 173</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Ferries Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 174</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Institute of Rural Development Planning Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 175</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Pawnbroking (Prohibition) Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 176</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Engineering and Manufacturing Design Organisation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 177</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Central Freight Bureau Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 178</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania School of Journalism Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 179</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Board for Materials Management Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 180</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Day Care Centres Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 181</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 182</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Productivity Council Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 183</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Disabled Persons (Care and Maintenance) Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 184</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Disabled Persons (Employment) Act </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 185</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Co-operative Audit and Supervision Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 186</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Geographical Names Standardisation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 187</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Institute of Transport Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 188</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Protection From Radiation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 189</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Stamp Duty Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 190</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Revenue (Collection By Stamps) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 191</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Environment Management Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 192</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Defence Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 193</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Service Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 194</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Visiting Forces Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 195</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Sokoine University of Agriculture Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 196</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Export Tax Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 197</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Bank of Tanzania Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 198</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Industrial Promotion and Development Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 199</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Agricultural Development Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 200</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Economic and Organised Crime Control Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 201</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Cotton Lint and Seed Board Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 202</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tobacco Industry Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 203</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Cashewnut Board of Tanzania Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 204</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Arts Council Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 205</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Air Tanzania Corporation (Re-Organisation and Vesting of Assets and Liabilities) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 206</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Ward Tribunals Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 207</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The International Finance Corporation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 208</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Business Licensing Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 209</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The College of Wildlife Management Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 210</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Chattels Transfer Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 211</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Co-operative Societies Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 212</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Companies Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 213</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Business Names (Registration) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 214</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Sale of Goods Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 215</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Bills of Exchange Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 216</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Land Disputes Courts Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 217</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Patents (Registration) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 218</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 219</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Pharmaceutical and Poisons Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 220</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Road and Fuel Tolls Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 221</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Emergency Powers Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 222</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Spirits Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 223</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Arms and Ammunition Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 224</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Beekeeping Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 225</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Political Service Retirement Benefits Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 226</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 227</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Auctioneers Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 228</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 229</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Newspapers Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 230</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Films and Stage Plays Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 231</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The East African Development Bank Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 232</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The East African Community Mediation Agreement Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 233</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Eastern and Southern African Management Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 234</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Ministers and Members of Parliament (Salaries and Allowances) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 235</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Contractors Registration Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 236</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The War Graves Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 237</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Judicial Service Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 238</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 239</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Dodoma Special Investment Area Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 240</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Institute of Accountancy Arusha Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 241</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Police Force and Prisons Service Commission Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 242</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Disaster Relief Co-Ordination Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 243</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Employment Promotion Service Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 244</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Trade Unions Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 245</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Executive Agencies Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 246</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Armaments Control Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 247</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Probation of Offenders Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 248</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Loans and Advances Realisation Trust Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 249</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Food Security Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 250</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Preferential Trade Area (Implementation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 251</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Sugar Industry Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 252</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The African Chiefs Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 253</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Dar Es Salaam Maritime Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 254</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 255</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The General Loan and Stock Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 256</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Proceeds of Crime Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 257</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Corporations Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 258</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Political Parties Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 259</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Natural Resources Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 260</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 261</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Commodity Import Support Regulation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 262</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Dairy Industry Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 263</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Workers' Compensation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 264</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Port Service Charge Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 265</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Stock Theft (Prevention) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 266</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Official Oaths Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 267</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Regulation of Land Tenure (Established Villages) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 268</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Open University of Tanzania Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 269</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Architects and Quantity Surveyors (Registration) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 270</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Professional Surveyors (Registration) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 271</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Foreign Exchange Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 272</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Waterworks Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 273</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Dar Es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 274</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Export of Timber Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 275</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tea Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 276</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Imports Control Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 277</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Forestry Research Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 278</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Affiliation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 279</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Fisheries Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 280</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 281</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Museum of Tanzania Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 282</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Parks Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 283</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Wildlife Conservation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 284</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 285</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Fair Competition Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 286</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Accountants and Auditors (Registration) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 287</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Local Government (District Authorities) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 288</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 289</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Urban Authorities (Rating) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 290</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Local Government Finances Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 291</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Community Service Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 292</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Local Government (Elections) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 293</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Local Government Authorities (Decoration of Buildings) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 294</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Publications (Compulsory Deposit) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 295</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Housing Corporation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 296</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Parliamentary Immunities, Powers and Privileges Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 297</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Factories Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 298</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Service Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 299</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Ministers (Discharge of Ministerial Functions) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 300</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Regulation of Wages and Terms of Employment Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 301</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Postal Bank Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 302</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Communications Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 303</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Posts Corporation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 304</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Telecommunications Company Incorporation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 305</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Posts and Telecommunications (Vesting of Assets and Liabilities) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 306</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Broadcasting Services Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 307</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanganyika Law Society Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 308</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Seeds (Regulation of Standards) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 309</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Records and Archives Management Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 310</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Law Reform (Fatal Accidents and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 311 </span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Pharmacy Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 312</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Officers and Government Departments (Change of Titles) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 313</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanganyika Higher Education Trust Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 314</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Planning Commission Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 315</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The College of Business Education Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 316</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Disqualification (National Assembly and Miscellaneous Offices) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 317</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Transport Licensing Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 318</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Trustees' Incorporation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 319</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Veterinary Surgeons Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 320</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Recreation Grounds Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 321</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 322</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Police Force and Auxiliary Services Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 323</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Forests Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 324</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Land Survey Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 325</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Nurses and Midwives Registration Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 326</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Trade and Service Marks Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 327</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Transfer of Businesses (Protection of Creditors) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 328</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 329</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Prevention of Corruption Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 330</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Accidents and Occupational Diseases (Notification) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 331</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Water Utilisation (Control and Regulation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 332</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Income Tax Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 333</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Antiquities Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 334</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Land Registration Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 335</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Adoption of Children Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 336</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 337</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Societies Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 338</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Land (Preserved Areas) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 339</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Rent Restriction Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 340</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Weights and Measures Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 341</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Advocates Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 342</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Banking and Financial Institutions Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 343</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Elections Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 344</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Food (Control of Quality) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 345</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Law of Contract Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 346</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The University of Dar-Es-Salaam Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 347</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Coffee Industry Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 348</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Finance Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 349</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Insurance (Vesting of Interests and Regulation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 350</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The International Development Association Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 351</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Statistics Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 352</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Probate and Administration of Estates Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 353</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Education Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 354</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Foreign Service Fees and Charges Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 355</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Town and Country Planning Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 356</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Diplomatic and Consular Immunities and Privileges Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 357</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Citizenship Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 358</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Judicature and Application of Laws Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 359</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Investment in Tanganyika Government Securities Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 360</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Officers (Salaries and Allowances) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 361</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Preventive Detention Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 362</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Transfer and Delegation of Powers Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 363</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Bretton Woods Agreements Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 364</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Tourist Board Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 365</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Airport Service Charge Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 366</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Employment Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 367</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Government Leaseholds (Conversion to Rights of Occupancy) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 368</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Extradition Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 369</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Customs (Dumping and Subsidies: Rates) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 370</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Treasury Registrar (Powers and Functions) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 371</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Service Retirement Benefits Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 372</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Parastatal Organisations Pensions Scheme Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 373</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Export Processing Zones Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 374</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tax Reserve Certificates Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 375</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Islamic Law (Restatement) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 376</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Pyrethrum Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 377</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Customary Leaseholds (Enfranchisement) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 378</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Fertilizers and Animal Foodstuffs Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 379</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Commission for AIDS Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 380</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Deportation Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 381</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Exports Control Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 382</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The District Development Corporations Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 383</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Statutory Bodies (Change of Names) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 384</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Traditional Liquor (Control of Distillation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 385</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Order Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 386</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Severance Allowance Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 387</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Security of Employment Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 388</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Deep Sea Fishing Authority Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 389</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Destitute Persons Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 390</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Potable Spirits (Compounding) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 391</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 392</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Petroleum (Conservation) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 393</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Freehold Titles (Conversion) and Government Leases Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 394</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Insurance Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 395</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Health Insurance Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 396</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Local Government Training Institute Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 397</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Regions and Districts (Establishment Procedure) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 398</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Leadership Code of Ethics Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 399</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Revenue Authority Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 400</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Parole Boards Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 401</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Agricultural Inputs Trust Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 402</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Eastern Africa Statistical Training Centre Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 403</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Customs (Management and Tariff) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 404</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The National Bank of Commerce (Reorganisation and Vesting of Assets and Liabilities) Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 405</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Institute of Judicial Administration Lushoto Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 406</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tanzania Intelligence and Security Service Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 407</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Local Authorities Provident Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 408</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Tax Revenue Appeals Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 409</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Community Health Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 410</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Public Procurement Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 411</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 412</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Education Fund Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 413</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 414</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority Act</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">Chapter 415</span><br style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: #f2f0e4; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px;">The Shipping Agency Act</span>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-21436891844467049842013-09-28T07:16:00.001-07:002013-09-28T07:16:26.791-07:00TANZANIA PENAL CODE CHAPTER 16 OF THE LAWS <div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">TANZANIA</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">PENAL CODE</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> CHAPTER 16 OF THE LAWS (REVISED)</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> (PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION)</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">[Issued Under Cap. 1, s. 18]</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">1981</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT</span></b></div>
<br />
<a href="http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TZA_penal_code.pdf">http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TZA_penal_code.pdf</a>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-74289853040780816052013-09-28T07:10:00.002-07:002013-09-28T07:10:28.365-07:00United Republic of Tanzania (25 texts)<div class="list-01" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; overflow: visible;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 3px 0px 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0px 1em;"><h3 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 0, 51); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 4px; padding: 1px 1px 1px 0px; width: 1131px;">
Constitution / Basic Law (Date of current version)</h3>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9070" style="color: #666666;">The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977</a> (2005)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11130" style="color: #666666;">The Constitution of Zanzibar</a> (2002)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11127" style="color: #666666;">Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar Act, 1964</a> (1964)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="list-01" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; overflow: visible;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 3px 0px 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0px 1em;"><h3 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 0, 51); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 4px; padding: 1px 1px 1px 0px; width: 1131px;">
Main IP Laws: enacted by the Legislature (Date of current version)</h3>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11124" style="color: #666666;">The Zanzibar Industrial Property Act No. 4 of 2008</a> (2008)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11121" style="color: #666666;">The Zanzibar Copyright Act, 2003</a> (2003)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9062" style="color: #666666;">The Protection of New Plant Varieties (Plant Breeders' Rights) Act, 2002</a> (2002)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11230" style="color: #666666;">The Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act No. 23 of 2002</a> (2002)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=5791" style="color: #666666;">Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999</a> (1999)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11109" style="color: #666666;">The Patents (Registration) Act</a> (1995)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9058" style="color: #666666;">The Trade and Service Marks Act, 1986</a> (1986)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9057" style="color: #666666;">Merchandise Marks Act, 1963 (No. 20 of 1963)</a> (1963)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="list-01" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; overflow: visible;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none; margin: 3px 0px 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px 0px 1em;"><h3 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 0, 51); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #003399; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.3em; margin-top: 4px; padding: 1px 1px 1px 0px; width: 1131px;">
IP-related Laws: enacted by the Legislature (Date of current version)</h3>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11098" style="color: #666666;">Business Activities Registration Act, 2007</a> (2007)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11113" style="color: #666666;">The Universities Act, 2005</a> (2005)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11106" style="color: #666666;">The Income Tax Act 2004</a> (2004)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11122" style="color: #666666;">The Zanzibar Flag Act No. 12 of 2004</a> (2004)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9060" style="color: #666666;">The Fair Competition Act</a> (2003)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11102" style="color: #666666;">The Companies Act, 2002</a> (2002)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11110" style="color: #666666;">The Broadcasting Services Act, 1993</a> (1993)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11099" style="color: #666666;">Business Names (Registration) Act</a> (1991)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11108" style="color: #666666;">National Flag and Coat of Arms Act, 1971</a> (1971)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11112" style="color: #666666;">The Arbitration Act</a> (1971)</li>
<li style="background-image: url(http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/shared/images/icon/link_square.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-size: 9pt; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 12px;"><a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=11100" style="color: #666666;">The Civil Procedure Code, 1966</a> (1966)</li>
</ul>
<div>
Source: <a href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=tz">http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/profile.jsp?code=tz</a></div>
</div>
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-51532920165528775332013-01-29T18:30:00.001-08:002013-01-29T18:30:51.199-08:00THE DEATH PENALTY IN TANZANIA: LAW AND PRACTICE<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">LEONARD P. SHAIDI</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">∗</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I. <b>INTRODUCTION </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The death penalty where it is practised has been reserved for the most serious crimes. The list of capital </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">offences has been shrinking in different societies with the passage of time, although the list is not identical </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">even within African countries. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Similarly, the list of abolitionist states has grown steadily from a handful of abolitionist states in 1940s to </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">approximately half the countries of the world de facto or de jure rejecting the death penalty. Even the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">countries which retain the death penalty are under increasing international pressure to abolish it. The </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">immediate focus is on narrowing as much as possible, offences which carry the death penalty, particularly </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">to limit it to murder only. In inter-state relations sometimes extradition may be refused where a fugitive </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">may be exposed to the application of the death penalty. The death penalty is therefore, regarded as a </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">punishment of the past, not the future. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This penalty has received ideological justification from the main religions, in our case Christianity and </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Islam. Many believers would not wish to question anything which they consider to have been sanctioned </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">by their religion as taught by their religious leaders. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In penological terms, capital punishment is a reflection of retributive justice, embodying the ancient maxim </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of ‘an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.’ It is based on vengeance channelling public outrage into a </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">legalized form of punishment. It is argued by its proponents that, in its absence, outraged people may be </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">forced to seek vengeance through mob justice or individualized forms of revenge. These are, however, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mere impressions not supported by any data. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">II. <b>LAW AND PRACTICE </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Tanzania there are two offences which carry the death penalty: murder and treason. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Under section 197 of the Penal Code (Chapter 16), ‘any person convicted of murder shall be sentenced to </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">death.’ This is a mandatory requirement which leaves the court with no option but to pass the death </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sentence upon conviction of a person. However, the same section in its proviso exempts pregnant women. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Instead they are to be sentenced to imprisonment for life if convicted of murder. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Treason, under sections 39 and 40 also carries the death penalty, but ‘misprision of treason’ (section 41) is </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">punishable with life imprisonment. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Section 26 of the Penal Code also exempts persons under eighteen years of age from the death penalty. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Such juveniles are to be detained ‘during the President’s pleasure…in such place and under such conditions </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">as the Minister for Legal Affairs may direct.’ </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Tanzania High Court and Court of Appeal have construed capital punishment statutes strictly. In the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">case of treason, for example no person has been sentenced to die under the provisions which carry the death </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">∗</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Dar Es Salaam 2</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">penalty since the country became independent in 1961. Under the offence of treason, the phrase used in </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the sentence provision is ‘shall be liable on conviction to suffer death.’ The courts have interpreted this as </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">merely setting the upper limit, but not mandatory. As for murder, the phrase used is ‘shall be sentenced to </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">death’, and this is taken as mandatory. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">However in the case of murder, most prosecutions for this offence </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">end up with the verdict of manslaughter, which does not carry the death penalty. Murder convictions are, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">therefore, recorded in cases where there is overwhelming evidence to establish the offence, and the law </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">provides that where any person is sentenced to death, the sentence shall direct that he shall suffer death by </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">hanging. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On the question of age, the law provides that the death penalty should not be pronounced against a person </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">under 18 years of age. There are conflicting decisions as to whether this age limit refers to the time of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">commission of the offence or during sentencing. In the case of R.v. Lubasha Maderenya and Tegai </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lebasha</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, the High Court (Lugakingira, J.) did not impose a death penalty on one of the accused because he </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">was below 18 years at the time of commission of the murder. During the hearing of the Appeal, the Court </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of Appeal reversed this decision. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">III. <b>CONSTITUTIONAL CONCERNS </b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first serious scrutiny of the death penalty in Tanzania was in the early 1990s. In 1991, a Commission </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">was formed under the Chairmanship of the late Chief Justice Francis Nyalali to recommend changes to the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">political system. The Commission, popularly known as the Nyalali Commission recommended amongst </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">other things, the abolition of capital punishment for being a barbaric form of punishment and morally </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">insupportable.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> There was no follow up of any sort to this recommendation. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A second attempt to question the constitutionality of the death penalty featured in the case of R. v. Mbushuu </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and Dominick Mnyaraje and Another</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> where Justice Mwalusanya in the High Court held that the death </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">penalty was inherently cruel, inhuman and degrading and the mode or manner of execution of the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">punishment was inhuman, cruel and degrading. Further that the imposition of the death sentence was not </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">saved by Article 30 (2) of the Constitution as it was not a provision which was lawful and in the public </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">interest, the latter finding being based on factors such as (i) the possibility of erroneous convictions, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">including the fact that most poor defendants did not receive adequate legal representation; (ii) sentences </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of life imprisonment provided protection against violent crime no less effective than the death sentence and </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iii) the mode of execution, the inhumane conditions on death row and delays in executing the sentence. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Therefore although he convicted the accused persons of murder he imposed a sentence of life imprisonment </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">for both. When this case reached the Court of Appeal, while it agreed with the trial judge that the right to </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">life under the Constitution was not absolute, and that the death penalty is inherently inhuman cruel and </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">degrading, and further that it is also so in its execution, and thus offends the right to dignity provided in the </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitution; it nevertheless held that the imposition of the death penalty under the law was lawful, not </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">arbitrary and hence constitutional. The Court of Appeal further ruled that the sentence was saved by Article </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">30(2), as it was not an arbitrary sentence since decisions as to guilt or innocence were taken by the judges, </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and that there was no proof one way or the other as to whether or not the death sentence was a more </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">effective punishment than a period of imprisonment; and in any event it was for society and not for the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">courts to decide whether the death sentence was a necessary punishment. This case marks the parting of </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ways in interpreting the law on the issue with the famous 1995 South African case of S. v. Makwanyane </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> High Court (Mwanza) Criminal Sessions Case No. 143 of 1977. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Appeal No. 32 of 1979. See also Chris Maina Peter Human Rights in Tanzania (Rudiger Koppe Verlag Koln 1997) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">30. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Government of the United Republic of Tanzania: Tume ya Rais ya Mfumo wa Chama Kimoja au Vyama Vingi vya </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Siasa, 1991, Part III. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> High Court (Dodoma) Criminal Sessions Case No. 44 of 1991 reported in 1994 2 LRC 335. 3</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and Mchunu,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> where Chaskalson, J, held that the death penalty was cruel, inhuman and degrading and </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">therefore, unconstitutional. Unlike the holding of the Tanzania Court of Appeal in Mbushuu v. Republic</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">which he was aware of, Chaskalson was prepared to assume that the overwhelming majority of the public </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">was in favour of retaining the death penalty, but pointed out that public opinion was no substitute for the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">duty vested in the courts to uphold constitutional provisions without fear or favour. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should be noted that not all murder convicts are executed upon being sentenced. The Head of State often </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">uses his constitutional powers of the prerogative of mercy to commute death sentences to life imprisonment </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">or to a lesser number of years of imprisonment. It is difficult to know the exact number of people who are </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">executed since this information is not published. However, it is reliably known that executions were </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">rampant during the colonial period. They were scaled down after Independence, and none has been carried </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">out in the last decade. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Since the death penalty is still mandatory for people convicted of murder, courts continue to pass that </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sentence, and each year many people are sentenced to death. The whole matter therefore, hinges on the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">goodwill of the President. Where a convict is condemned to die, the sentence is executed through hanging </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">by the neck until the convict is dead. On the other hand, public opinion (which is relatively uninformed </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">i.e. not sensitized) seems to be in favour of the death penalty for murder. In the circumstances, it is </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">understandable for the President to continue to use his constitutional power of prerogative of mercy in the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">way he has been using it, rather than to push for a formal abolition of the death penalty for the time being. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">IV. HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The right to life is a fundamental right upon which other rights depend. Article 3 of the Universal </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Declaration of Human Rights (1948) declares this right in absolute terms, namely that: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Article 5 further declares that </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">punishment. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These two statements appear in most other international and regional human rights instruments. The </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) Article 6 provides that every human being has </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the inherent right to life and that this right shall be protected by law and no one shall be arbitrarily deprived </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of his right to life. Recognizing that some countries have not abolished the death penalty, it provides that </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the death penalty may be imposed only for the most serious crimes in accordance with the law, pursuant to </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a final judgement rendered by a competent court. Anyone sentenced to death has the right to seek pardon </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">or commutation of that sentence. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the same spirit, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981) provides in Article 4 that </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">life and integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1989) goes a </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">step further in aiming at the abolition of the death penalty altogether. The Protocol which is open for </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> C.C.T./3/94 of 1995 (S.A). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> ( n4) 4</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">signature by any state that has signed the Covenant and open to accession by any State that has ratified the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Covenant or acceded to it, applies as additional provisions to the Covenant. In its Article 1, it provides </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 1. No one within the jurisdiction of State party to the present Protocol shall be </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">executed. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 2. Each State Party shall take all necessary measures to abolish the death </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">penalty within its jurisdiction. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Looking at international and regional instruments as a whole, with the exception of the Universal </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Declaration of Human Rights and the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political Rights, which do not have ‘permissive’ exceptions to the absolute protection of human life, the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">rest carry such exceptions. Provisions such as no one should be ‘arbitrarily deprived of his right to life’ or </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">that deprivation of life must be ‘in accordance with the law’ provide justification for the retention of the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">death penalty within the jurisdictions which maintain such a penalty. Even suggesting that the death </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">penalty shall be restricted to the ‘most serious crimes’ is to make its application open ended, and may be </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">abused. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Article 14 of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania recognizes the right to life in the same </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">terms as it is recognized under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Article 14 of the said Constitution provides: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Every person has a right to live and subject to law, to protection of his life by the society. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The right to life is therefore not absolute, but ‘subject to law’. For the time being this issue is still </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">debatable as exemplified in the Nyalali Commission Report as well as in the R. v. Mbushuu case </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">before the Tanzania High Court and Court of Appeal. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">V. THE WAY FORWARD </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The ultimate goal of any crusade against the death penalty is definitely its abolition. However, before that </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">goal is reached efforts can also be directed at various other measures which can diminish its prevalence, use </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and impact. These should include amongst other measures: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) Shrinking further the list of capital offences. In the case of Tanzania, treason should be </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">taken out of the list of capital offences. If treason involves the killing of any person including the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">President, a person can be charged with murder. This will leave murder as the only capital </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">offence; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) Removing mandatory death penalty provisions. Courts should be left with the discretion </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">of imposing or not imposing the death penalty in appropriate cases; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(c) Introducing the defence of ‘diminished responsibility’. Tanzania still applies the old </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">fashioned “”M’Naghten Rules”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> which presume that every person is sane unless it is proved that </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">as a result of a disease of the mind at the material time, he was incapable of understanding what he </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">was doing or he was incapable of knowing that what he was doing was wrong. This is a high </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">degree of proof of insanity which leaves out a lot of people who kill under mental problems or </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">delusions without a defence to murder. An amendment of the law similar to section 2 of the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Kingdom’s 1957 Homicide Act will make a lot of difference. The said section provides </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">that </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R.v. M’naghten (1843) 10 CL. And F, 200. 5</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Where a person kills or is a party to the killing of another, he shall not </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">be convicted of murder if he was suffering from such abnormality of </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">mind (whether arising from a condition of arrested or retarded </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">development of mind or any inherent causes or induced by disease or </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">injury) as substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and omissions or being a part to the killing. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In East Africa, an equivalent provision is found in the Uganda Penal Code only.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Such a defence, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">together with the tightening of categories of intentional killing (malice aforethought) will help to check </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the number of accused persons convicted with murder and having to face the death penalty. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(d) Finally, it is important to sensitise the public on the futility and negative aspects of the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">death penalty in order to have a broad public support for its abolition. While we agree with Justice </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chaskalson’s statement in S. v. Makwanyane and Mchunu that ‘public opinion was no substitute for </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the duty vested in the courts to uphold constitutional provisions without fear or favour’, the judiciary </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">cannot divorce itself completely from the public which it is intended to serve. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">VI. CONCLUSION </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From a human rights perspective we can conclude that the death penalty is a cruel, inhuman and degrading </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">punishment which violates the right to life. Executing a person is an act of violence committed by the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">State, thereby reducing itself to the same level as the perpetrator of that crime. Its enforcement is </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">brutalizing to all who are involved in the process. A public executioner is not usually accepted by the </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">society as a normal person. Penology studies are generally in agreement that the death penalty does not </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">have any deterrent value. Worse still is the inherent danger that this punishment can be imposed on an </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">innocent person. There are cases where people have been mistakenly convicted because of improper </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">confessions, false identification, suppression or fabrication of evidence or even for being poorly defended. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Furthermore, it is a punishment which has negative effects on other innocent people especially vulnerable </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">dependents of the executed person as well as other family members and friends. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The reform of the criminal justice system particularly the issue of treatment of offenders has not attracted </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the attention of policy makers and other stake holders in the same way as has happened in other areas of </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">our laws. As Coldham appropriately observes “the need to establish a criminal justice system that meets </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the requirements of a developing African State has seldom generated much interest. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Even measures that </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">have been taken to tackle rising crime levels are not based on any empirical studies or justifications </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">notwithstanding their draconian proportions. Even the introduction of the multiparty system in Tanzania </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">since 1990 has not had any impact in terms of attracting any attention from the political parties or </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">opposition members of Parliament. No one wants to be seen as being ‘soft’ on offenders. The outcome of </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">this is the lack of a coherent penal policy. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first step towards having rational punishments is the development of a clear, modern penal policy </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">which respects the basic human rights of suspects and offenders, as well as those of their victims. The </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">purpose of criminal law should not be reduced to the punishment of offenders for the sake of it. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> c188A The Penal Code Act (Uganda), c 106. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Simon Coldham ‘Criminal Justice Policies in Commonwealth Africa: Trends and Prospects’ Vol. 44 No. 2 (2000) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Journal of African law, OUP 218-238 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.biicl.org/files/2213_shaidi_death_penalty_tanzania.pdf</span>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-36186900875609460852013-01-29T18:24:00.002-08:002013-01-29T18:24:52.269-08:00Legitimizing Dispossession: The Tanzanian High Court's Decision on the Eviction of Maasai Pastoralists from Mkomazi Game Reserve<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Author:</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/author/tenga" style="color: #993300; text-decoration: initial;">Tenga</a><a href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/author/w-ringo" style="color: #993300; text-decoration: initial;">W. Ringo</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CSQ Issue: </span></div>
<a href="http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/224-winter-1998-uprooted-dispossession-africa" style="color: #993300; text-decoration: initial;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">22.4 (Winter 1998) Uprooted: Dispossession in Africa</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ownership and security of land is central to the cultural survival of ethnic minorities in countries such as Tanzania. For the past decade, the struggle for the land rights of cultural minorities in Tanzania has, amongst many fronts, focused on obtaining legal rights from courts of law. The central aim of these efforts is to obtain "a community-based test case to establish the deemed Right of Occupancy," that is the legal embodiment of the common title to land for a "native community," as defined by Tanzania Land Law. The existing wisdom holds that once a precedent is established on the nature of the common title over, say rangelands, it will be much easier for communities, at least legally, to stop the continual encroachment on their extensive rangelands under the pretext that such land is terra nullius (no one's lands) or is underutilized.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">True enough, precedents have been established during the years in a variety of Court cases on land, but whether these have enhanced the struggles of these communities remains doubtful.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Established Precedents over Customary Title to Land</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Tanzanian courts today recognize the equal status of the Deemed Right of Occupancy, or Customary Title vis-à-vis the Granted Right of Occupancy As a consequence of this recognition, the Customary Title to land may not be extinguished without following the provisions of the law that allow the state to acquire landed private property, (e.g. the Land Acquisition Act, 1967). Statutes that extinguish Customary Titles without adhering to constitutional protections are therefore null and void; also the mere administrative extinction of customary titles by using administrative mechanisms (e.g. declaration of planning areas), cannot effectively extinguish such titles in law.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Furthermore, the Tanzanian Courts recognize the native community's title to the commons (e.g. pasture land), upon proof of the existence of customary law within that community that recognizes ownership of the commons. Following this, the Courts today appear to have refused to recognize statutory corporate bodies, such as Village Councils, as customary holders of the collective Deemed Right of Occupancy over the commons. Where customary holders need to lodge a matter in Court relating to the particular commons, either a representative suit must be filed listing all the possible beneficiaries or all the beneficiaries must appear as plaintiffs. In matters related to damages, each plaintiff must prove the extent of damage. Time limitation is extremely important as the claim would be time barred in three years from the time the cause of action arose. And on questions regarding the social and cultural profile of communities, Courts are willing to receive experts' evidence from anthropologists, ethnologists, sociologists etc., provided it includes detailed ancestry, genealogies, names of landscapes, geographical marks, ancient paths and roads, common resources and their maintenance, cultural systems and artifacts, grave sites, sacred places, traditional property systems and resources, economic activities, nomadic cycles, etc.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Finally, the Tanzanian Courts have been willing to apply the relevant legal provisions that protect the property rights of natives resident in lands that are statutorily reserved for public purposes. The Mkomazi case, reviewed herein, is an example of this position. It is doubtful, however, if the Courts are willing to subject the statutes to constitutional standards that guarantee basic rights to life, movement, and property. In 1988, Shivji and Kapinga argued that if Courts have held that human rights provisions must be given a generous and purposeful interpretation then the term `property' in Article 24 of the Constitution of Tanzania, which guarantees the right to property, must include the `bundle of rights' that would encapsulate the pastoralists' concept of property. They argue that the Court of Appeal in Attorney General versus Lohay Akoonay in 1994 came close to that position.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Mkomazi Game Reserve Eviction Cases</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The early Barabaig pastoralists' cases, like the Mulbadaw case and Yoke Gwako case, deal with dispossession of pastoralists from their lands by a public corporation, NAFCO. Other cases have focused on the role of allocating authorities -- Village Councils, Ministry of Lands, etc. -- in allocating land to individuals and private `investors.' The dispossession of cultural minorities by the government for conservation has been authoritatively dealt with for the first time in the case of the pastoralists of Mkomazi Game Reserve, forcefully evicted in 1988. Two cases were filed in the High Court of Tanzania, Kamunyu and 16 Others versus Minister for Tourism and Natural Resources and Environment; and Kopera Keiya Kamunyu and 44 Others versus The Minister for Natural Resources Tourism and the Environment and Three Others. Both cases were later consolidated. The High Court, per Justice Edith Munuo, gave its decision in June 1998.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Facts of the Case</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Maasai pastoralists testified in Court that they have been living in an area known in Maasai language as Alilalai Lamwasuni, covering the Umba and Same areas of the Mkomazi Game Reserve (MGR) area in northeastern Tanzania, and that the vast plains adjacent to and bordering the Tsavo National Park in Kenya, between the Usambara Mountains in Lushoto District (Tanga Region) and the Pare Mountains in Same District (Kilimanjaro Region), are customary Maasai lands. The MGR was established by the British Colonial Authorities in 1951 by a statute known as the Fauna Conservation Ordinance -- later repealed and replaced by the Wildlife Conservation Act of 1974.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After the reserve was established, the resident pastoralists were enumerated in 1952, and the authorities updated the list in 1963, 1968, 1971 and 1983. Both statutes -- the Fauna Conservation Ordinance and the 1974 Act -- provided for the recognition and preservation of preexisting customary land rights. The Maasai contended that such rights could not be extinguished or encroached upon without following the legal safeguards recognized by law. Nevertheless, in 1988, they were forcibly evicted from the reserve on orders and instructions of the Minister for Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment through the Director of the Wildlife Division and the Project Manager of the MGR.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The eviction was carried out in a military fashion, causing unprecedented loss and suffering to families and property. The evicted Maasai were neither compensated nor offered alternative residential or grazing lands, as the law required. As such they claimed damages worth billions of shillings. The Court accepted the testimony of damage in the following words:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"...game scouts and militiamen effecting the eviction assaulted pastoralists, harassed their families, mothers with newly born babies had to be carried and dumped into the bush in the rush of the eviction, cattle, donkeys and calves strayed into the wilderness where they were lost or devoured by beasts; bomas, huts, kraals, cattle, domestic articles, food stuffs, veterinary medicines, cash and ornaments got lost or razed down by the fires the game scouts started. Families were dislocated and broken up. In short the plaintiffs were seriously inconvenienced, put to a great crisis and thrown out of the reserve without assistance for resettlement in terms of alternative land."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Court framed five legal issues: whether the plaintiffs as members of the Maasai Pastoralists Community had customary land rights in the MGR before their eviction; whether their eviction was lawful; whether they had suffered damages as enumerated in their claim; whether they were entitled to alternative land and compensation; and last, to what remedies were the parties entitled.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Defendant's Case</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Attorney General, who represented the government as the defendant in the case admitted that the Maasai had been evicted in 1988. But he contended that the Maasai had been given notice to vacate but they did not (as alternative land in Handeni, Kiteto, and Ruvu areas were unsuitable due to lack of necessary resources for grazing, such as water). Further, he asserted that the Maasai were notified of the eviction operation, but the plaintiffs were adamant about not moving, hence the authorities had no choice but to use force. The Attorney General admitted that the use of force resulted in damage and loss, but claimed its value was nominal. He therefore asked the Court to order the Maasai to resettle themselves at Ruvu, Morogoro, Handeni, and Kiteto areas on the basis of self-reliance and the authorities would supplement their efforts!</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Attorney General, on the behalf of the authorities, further contended that the claim was not maintainable by law since the Maasai had only occupancy permits from the government to stay in the MGR. By law, they were mere licensees staying in the MGR by the good grace of the government, and when the permits were revoked, no one could question the discretion of the authorities. Alternatively, the Attorney General observed that the Maasai in court were residents of the Umba Game Reserve, a portion of the MGR in Tanga Region, but the claim related to a portion of the MGR that is in Kilimanjaro Region. Therefore, the Maasai had no basis for the legal claim. The area they were allowed to live and graze in was the Umba Mkomazi Reserve. Furthermore, since most Maasai claims concerned basic rights under the constitution, they should have presented a Constitutional Petition rather than a suit, as they had done. Lastly, the claim for damages was based on Law of Torts (or Civil Wrongs) and compensation under that category could not be entertained, as torts must be lodged in Court within three years of breach. The eviction happened in 1988 and the Maasai appeared in Court in 1994, and as such, their claim was time barred by the Tanzanian Statute of Limitations of 1971.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Maasai Plaintiffs' Case</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The advocates for the Maasai plaintiffs, Sifuni Mchome and Ibrahim Juma, of the Legal Aid Committee, Faculty of Law, University of Dar Es Salaam, submitted that the Land Ordinance of 1923 only required proof of occupation and use of land to establish a customary title to land. The Maasai plaintiffs established that they have been in MGR for generations, owning the vast plains of Alilalai Lamwasuni as common property of the community for grazing and community life. Further, the authorities had listed or registered them and allowed them to keep their pre-existing rights as required by the Fauna Conservation Ordinance and the Wildlife Conservation Act of 1974.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to the established legal principles and constitutional protection of property, the only method of extinguishing and acquiring landed property rights by the state in Tanzania is under the Land Acquisition Act of 1967. The procedure requires establishing a public purpose that justifies the acquisition. Then a consultative process follows where, upon agreement, the rights-holders are compensated and/or given alternative land. In case of disagreement the parties have recourse in the Courts. The procedure was not followed in this particular case. The Court of Appeal of Tanzania, as recently as 1994, has established that failure to follow that procedure renders the outcome null, void, and unconstitutional.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Similarly in Tanzania, there are other statutory enactments that deal with conservation (Game Ordinance of 1949; National Parks Ordinance of 1959, Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance, Public Land (Preserved Areas) Ord. Cap. 338; etc.), and all tend to accommodate and do not extinguish Customary Land Rights once land is subjected to conservation measures.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As for damages, the Maasai plaintiffs argued that since the eviction resulted in damage and loss, the Court could not make a technical separation on differences between a land claim and a tort claim; compensation to the Maasai was necessary on the common law principle of restitutio in integrum, or the `original position of the parties.'</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Courts' Decision</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Court refused the Attorney General's objection that there was no cause of action before the Court. Judge Edith Munuo held that there was a valid claim of title to land before the Court, however, she agreed with the Attorney General that the claim for damages arose from tort and hence was barred by the statute of limitation.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Court observed that the suit was not filed as a representative suit, so as such, stated on page 34 of the Judgment, that the "judgment shall not canvass the pastoral Maasai community en masse." Clearly the Court avoided conceiving that rights in the commons claimed by any member of the community were capable of establishing the rights of all members. A narrow positivistic approach was taken by the Court to avoid the obvious sociological interpretation of rangeland rights in a pastoral community.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Court held further that the Maasai plaintiffs established the existence of their Customary Land Rights in the Umba Game Reserve, in a portion of the MGR. Because the Customary Land Rights of the Maasai plaintiffs at Umba Game Reserve were not revoked in compliance with the Land Acquisition Act of 1967, their eviction from the MGR was unlawful. However, since the eviction occurred in May 1988, the case had been overtaken by events (the Court is not specific what kind of events) and therefore the claim for the return of their lands could not to be granted.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Furthermore, under Article 24 of the Constitution, the Maasai plaintiffs are indeed entitled to alternative land and compensation from the acquisition of their land, then each of the deserving plaintiffs who actually testified in Court (15 out of 53 did not testify) was awarded compensation of Tshs. 300,000, or about US$450!</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The authorities, the Court finally directed, should relocate the Maasai plaintiffs to areas that have sufficient grazing land "so that the pastoral plaintiffs can resettle on self-help basis." The Court finally stated that the suit partially succeeded on the ground of alternative land and compensation.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is noteworthy that the Court stated that some claims were constitutional in nature, and as such, they should have been lodged by way of petition -- those were struck out. Then, on the question regarding which rights were superior, either those of the game reserve or those of the Maasai pastoralists, the Court refused to make a declaration, but nevertheless stated on page 38 of the Judgment that the MGR "is for wildlife so any Customary Land rights therein have ceased to exist."</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Brief Assessment</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shivji and Kapinga state that the community-based test case is not the best method of advancing the common rights of a community. The forum is wrong and those who may have no interest in advancing the course of the community determine the rules. Too many disappointments occur in the process and the focus is not on the community but on a Court drama dominated by lawyers. They advise that piecemeal cases against individuals in the officialdom, and a step-by-step legal approach may be better. Alternatively, systemic legal reform that is community focused may bring better results. Yet, in the epilogue to their book, on the Ngorongoro authorities' attempts to get a title for their whole area, they suggest pursuing a community-based Court action. It seems the answer depends on which right the community needs to enforce. It also shows that lawyers are still uncertain as to how they may advance the struggle of these communities through legal channels.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the Mkomazi case, clearly the community could not proceed in a piecemeal fashion. Nevertheless the Court's judgment is a disappointment on several levels. First, while the Court deals with established case-law precedents and statutory authorities clearly establish the Customary Rights of the Maasai pastoralists in the MGR and that their occupancy in the reserve has been wrongfully determined, it completely fails to give obvious remedies. Once the Court had declared breach of a Basic Right, (unlawful acquisition of land in this case), the remedy was to order reoccupation. By not granting the obvious, the Court's pretext is that this remedy has been overtaken by events; no legal authority, either in case law or statute, is referred to. This solution seems to be one peculiar to this case. The Court avoids the cardinal principle of justice -- treat like cases alike.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Second, whilst the authorities had failed completely to relocate the Maasai plaintiffs or compensate them, the Court undertook this task despite the government's failure. The result, however, was sadly lacking. The Maasai plaintiffs were all compensated a paltry monetary sum without reference to what they have actually lost. The criterion for equal compensation is not explained anywhere. No precedent or statutory authority is quoted for this `unique' solution. Regarding alternative land, the Court attempts to give a directive to the authorities that has no legal or practical force. The Maasai plaintiffs have to practically assist the authorities in seeking alternative land "on self-help basis" -- the victims have to seek their own remedy! The injury is proved, yet the Court avoids the obvious remedy!</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Third, categorizing damages as `tortious' is clearly debatable. While the case is about a land claim arising from trespass, the consequent damages are severed from the whole claim by a technicality. It is obviously advantageous to the Authorities to take the consequences of the injury proved against them out of the purview of the Maasai claimants, by alleging that they are time barred, otherwise the authorities were liable for colossal amounts of compensation. The Court legitimizes the eviction indirectly. The case, in no way, punishes the perpetrators of a massive injury against a defenseless people.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It seems, therefore, the Mkomazi case is one step forward in that the recognition of customary resource rights in game reserves has been established and that extinction of such rights must follow due process based on constitutional safeguards. Yet the case is two steps backwards in the sense that the community is left to wonder how this `legal victory' can be translated into positive benefits when they are left to fend for their own remedies without returning to their lands. At the end of the day, the dispossession remains untouched. The Maasai plaintiffs have appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tanzania. Maybe that Court will now clear up doubts prevalent in similarly placed communities about the worth of these "test-cases" and "precedents."</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1992. Mabo v. Queensland. 175 CRL.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bartlett, Richard. 1995. "Native Title; From Pragmatism to Equality before the Law." Melbourne University Law Review. vol. 20. pp. 282-310.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">_____. 1993. "Mabo: Another Triumph for the Common Law." Sydney Law Review. vol. 15. p. 178.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lane, Charles. 1996. Pastures Lost: Barabaig Economy, Resource Tenure, and the Alienation of their Land in Tanzania. Nairobi: Initiatives Publishers.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mwaikusa J.T. 1993. "Community Rights and Land Use Polices in Tanzania: The Case of Pastoral Communities." Journal of African Law. 37(2).</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mulbadaw Village Council and 67 Others v. NAFCO. 1984. T.L.R. p. 15-27. HC-Arusha.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Peter, Chris Maina. 1997. Human Rights in Tanzania: Selected Cases and Materials. Cologne: Rueiger Koeppe Verlag. pp. 216-222.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tenga, R.W. and George Kakoti. 1993. "The Barabaig Land Case: Mechanism of State Organised Land Grabbing in Tanzania." in Veber, Hanne at al. (eds.). Never Drink from the Same Cup: Proceedings of the Conference on Indigenous Peoples in Africa. Tune, Denmark: IWGIA. Doc. 74.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shivji, I.G. and Wilbert B.L. Kapinga. 1998. Maasai Rights in Ngorongoro, Tanzania. London: International Institute of Environment and Development/Dar Es Salaam: HAKIARDHI.-Land Rights Research & Resources Institute.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Article copyright Cultural Survival, Inc.</span></div>
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TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-68053066894586785102013-01-29T18:05:00.002-08:002013-01-29T18:05:08.246-08:00Tanzania: Court of Appeal Decisions<br />
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Tanzania: Court of Appeal</h2>
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<tr align="left" valign="top"><td style="padding: 0.3em 0.5em;">Database last updated: 16 August 2012<br />Most recent decision: <b>22 December 2011</b><br />Number of decisions: 260<br /><h3 style="color: #64473a; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.75em; padding: 0px;">
Decisions beginning with ...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-0.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">0-9</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-A.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">A</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-B.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">B</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-C.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">C</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-D.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">D</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-E.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">E</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-F.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">F</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-G.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">G</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-H.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">H</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-I.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">I</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-J.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">J</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-K.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">K</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-L.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">L</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-M.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">M</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-N.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">N</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-O.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">O</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-P.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">P</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-Q.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">Q</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-R.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">R</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-S.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">S</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-T.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">T</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-U.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">U</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-V.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">V</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-W.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">W</a> X Y <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/toc-Z.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">Z</a></h3>
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Decisions for the years ...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/1983/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">1983</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/1991/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">1991</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/1994/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">1994</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2000/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2000</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2001/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2001</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2002/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2002</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2003/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2003</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2004/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2004</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2005/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2005</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2006/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2006</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2007/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2007</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2008/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2008</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2009/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2009</a> <a href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2011/" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;">2011</a></h3>
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This database contains decisions of the Tanzanian Court of Appeal</div>
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TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-4794687380508637822013-01-29T18:00:00.003-08:002013-01-29T18:00:57.052-08:00Administrative Tribunals In Tanzania<br />
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(CTL CLASS – 11<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TH</sup> and 12<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> MAY 2011)</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""> </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">© </span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">JABA SHADRACK, Department of Public Law, School of Law (Formerly, Faculty of law) at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</strong></span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lecture outline:</span></strong></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Introduction to Adjudicative/Judicial Powers in Tanzania</span></em></span></span></li>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Definition of Administrative Tribunals</em></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Other names for/of Administrative Tribunals</em></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Types and Examples of Administrative Tribunals in Tanzania</em></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Legal basis of Administrative Tribunals in Tanzania</em></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ordinary Courts v/s Administrative Tribunals</em></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Inherent features of Administrative Tribunals</em></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Why Administrative Tribunals? (Advantages)</em></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Criticism of Administrative Tribunals (Disadvantages)</em></span></li>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Introduction to Judicial Powers in Tanzania</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Traditionally, the duty of determining disputes between individuals in the society is viewed as an exclusive domain of the ordinary courts of law. The conception of a court as a central adjudicative body found acceptance in most of the classical scholars' writings such as <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Montesquieu</strong> (separation of powers) and contemporary jurists such as <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dicey</strong> (rule of law). The<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Constitution of Tanzania</em>, 1977 (RE: 2005) under <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Article 4(1)(2)</em> vests judicial powers in </span><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">the Judiciary of the United Republic and the Judiciary of the Revolutionary government of Zanzibar. In the same vein, The </span><em style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Constitution of Zanzibar</em><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">, 1984 (RE: 2006) under </span><em style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Article 5A(2)</em><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> confers judicial authority to the Courts of law. Article 107A(1) of the </span><em style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Constitution of Tanzania</em><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">(</span><em style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">supra</em><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">) cements and reiterate the above position by providing that;</span></span><div style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 36pt; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Judiciary shall be the authority with final decision in dispensation of justice in the United Republic of Tanzania.</span></em></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Though the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Constitution of Tanzania</em> (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">supra</em>) is very clear on which organ should exercise judicial powers, in reality many judicial functions have come to be performed by the executive, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">e.g.</em> imposition of fines, levy of penalty, confiscation of goods, cancellation of licences and etc. </span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Summary:</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Under the Constitution of Tanzania and Zanzibar respectively, the Courts of law have exclusive jurisdiction in the adjudicative system of the country. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""> </span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Definition of Administrative Tribunals</strong></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">There is no universally accepted definition of the term <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Administrative Tribunal</em>s or simply '<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">tribunal'</em> as per professor <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jain</strong>. However, jurists, academicians, and administrators (politicians) have made several attempts to explain the </span>same. Now, let us look at some of the definitions;</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Thakker </em>(<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Takwani, </em>1998)<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></em></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Are bodies established to decide various quasi-judicial issues in place of ordinary courts.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Supreme Court of India, </em>1954<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.</em></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Are adjudicative bodies constituted, manned and operated by the executive. </span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">L.B. Curzon</em>, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dictionary of Law</em>, 6<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> Ed., 2002 (Pearson/Longman).</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Are bodies outside the hierarchy of the courts with administrative or judicial functions.<a name='more'></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Concise Oxford Dictionary</em>, 10<sup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> Ed., 2001.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A body established to settle certain types of dispute.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">E.W. Susan, Law Dictionary</em>, 2006 (Webster's New World Law Dictionary).</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An officer or other judicial body with the authority to pronounce judgment on a matter based upon the evidence.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Summary</strong>:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative Tribunal/Tribunal may be referred to as a person or body of persons or administrative agency not forming part of the Judiciary with limited statutory powers to determine disputes and pass binding decisions between individuals, or individuals and officers in the Department of the government.</span></span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Other names for/of Administrative Tribunals</strong></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" xmlns=""><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative tribunals are also known as "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Quasi-judicial Bodies</em>", or "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Statutory Tribunals</em>". </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note</strong>:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Why do we call them '<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">administrative tribunals</em>' or '<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">quasi-judicial bodies'</em> or '<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">statutory tribunals'</em>?</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They are known as <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">administrative tribunals</em> because as opposed to ordinary courts, these bodies are composed and chaired by lay administrators (normally, non-lawyers) who are either appointees' of the President or Minister for a fixed term. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They are referred to as <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">quasi-judicial bodies</em> since they are not full-fledged courts (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> not courts of law properly so called, they have supplemental/complementally role to the Courts). </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They are called <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">statutory tribunals</em> simply because they are creations of the statute.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Types and examples of Administrative Tribunals in Tanzania</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative tribunals are classified into two (2) major components, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> statutory authority, and statutory tribunal.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Statutory Authority: </strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This refers to individual holders of public offices who have statutory powers to hear disputes (in original or appellate jurisdiction/capacity). <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">For example</em>, labour officers and Minister for Labour in certain circumstances have statutory powers to entertain and make decisions on labour disputes between an employer and employee/s. <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">**</strong>A 'single' person exercises judicial powers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> (b) <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Statutory Tribunals:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These are adjudicative body or agency established by specific Acts of Parliament. Usually, the establishing statute will provides for composition (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> appointing authority, qualifications and etc), membership tenure, quorum, procedures and etc. <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">**</strong>A 'group' of persons exercises judicial powers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Examples</em>;</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Military Tribunal (Court Martial), </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Tax Revenue Appeals Board,</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Environmental Appeals Tribunal,</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Fair Competition Tribunal,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The District Land and Housing Tribunal,</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Ward Tribunal and etc.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legal basis of Administrative Tribunals in Tanzania</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Constitution</em><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">of Tanzania</em> (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">supra</em>) is silent as to the delegation of judicial powers to other organs of the state. However, by implication (not expressly provided) <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Article 13(6)(a)</em> of the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Constitution of Tanzania </em>(<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">supra</em>) and <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Article 12(6)(a)</em> of the <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Constitution</em><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">of Zanzibar </em>(<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">supra</em>) recognise tribunals. The said <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Articles</em> require "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the Court</em>" and "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">other agency</em>" to take into account the principle of fair hearing in deciding disputes. Thus, one may argue that the term, "other agency" refers to administrative tribunals. All in all, it should be noted that administrative tribunals originates from respective Acts of the Parliament. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The best practice:</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Constitution of Kenya (2010),</em><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Article 1(3)(c);</em></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(1) All sovereign power belongs to the people of Kenya and shall be exercised only in accordance with this Constitution.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(2) The people may exercise their sovereign power either directly or through their democratically elected representatives.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(3)<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Sovereign power under this Constitution is delegated to the following State organs, which shall perform their functions in accordance with this Constitution––</em></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) Parliament and the legislative assemblies in the county governments;</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) The national executive and the executive structures in the county governments; and</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(c)<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> The Judiciary and </em></span><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">independent tribunals.</strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></em></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ordinary Courts v/s Administrative Tribunals</strong></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) Similarities:</span></strong></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Both are adjudicative machineries (i.e. invested with judicial powers).<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></strong></span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Both are governed by Acts of Parliaments.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Both have permanent existence.</span></span></li>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) Differences:</span></strong></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">All courts are tribunals but not all tribunals are courts.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Courts are part and parcel of the judiciary while tribunals are considered part of the executive (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> they have hybrid functions).</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Essentially, Courts have unlimited powers to adjudicate, but tribunals have limited adjudicative powers.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Courts handle disputes objectively, while tribunals deal with disputes subjectively.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Courts can decide the '<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">vires'</em> (constitutionality/legality/fairness) of a legislation/law, but tribunals can not do so. </span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Courts are presided over by officers trained in law, while most of tribunals are chaired and composed of laymen. </span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="background-color: #ddd9c3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NB</strong><span style="background-color: #ddd9c3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It should be borne in mind that tribunals are not executive body or administrative Department of the state. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They are quasi-judicial body and not purely administrative in nature.</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Inherent features of Administrative Tribunals</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative tribunals are characterized by following features;</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative tribunals are constituted by Acts of the Parliament (and not by Government) <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> tribunals are statutory creatures'</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Decisions of administrative tribunals are judicial rather than administrative. Tribunals decide on legal issues, in so doing, they confer or restrain rights to individuals.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative tribunals do not deal with cases in which a government is a party. They adjudicate disputes between businessmen, employer/employee, landlord/tenant, and etc.</span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative tribunals are not bound by strict rules of procedures, evidences and other legal technicalities.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They have judicial powers (e.g. to summon witnesses, pass legally enforceable decisions and etc).</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Why Administrative Tribunals? (Advantages)</strong>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legal scholars and policy-makers justify the existence of administrative tribunals by advancing the following reasons:-</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ordinary courts are very slow, costly (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">e.g.</em> court and advocate fees), complex and formalistic in solving disputes. For examples a case may be pending in a court of law for two (2) to five (5) years. Thus, administrative tribunal emerged to ensure speedy dispensation of justice in vital areas of the economy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <strong style="background-color: #ddd9c3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note: </strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Justice delayed is justice denied.</span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Use of administrative tribunals avoids floodgate of cases in courts of law (i.e. reduce court's workload/congestion of cases in courts of law).</span></li>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative tribunals are better placed to take preventive measures, e.g. suspension, cancellation or revocation of a licence, destruction of contaminated articles, taking care of perishable goods and etc.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <strong style="background-color: #ddd9c3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Experience:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Court battle over the so called </span><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">'Magufuli fishes'</em></span></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">in 2010.</em></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Administrative tribunals have required expertise, specialty, and experience in their filed of operations, e.g. Doctors disciplinary bodies/tribunals. </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Disputes are dealt with persons with an intimate knowledge and experience of the problems involved.</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">They avoid legal technicalities/legalistic approach over disputes. Courts are very conservative, rigid and technical, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">e.g.</em><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">precedent</em>, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">stare decisis</em>, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">rules of procedures</em>, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">evidences</em>, <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">pleadings</em> (use of legalese and legal documents and etc. </span>They are characterised by an informal atmosphere and procedure.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ensures effective implementation of socio-economic policies and schemes found in the statute.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Summary: </span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cheapness, accessibility, flexibility (freedom from technicalities), expeditious, expertise, and efficiency</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Criticism of Administrative Tribunals (Disadvantages)</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Opponents of administrative tribunals cite the following weaknesses;</span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The practice violates the principle of separation of powers. The main challengers of the use of administrative tribunals are professor <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dicey</strong> (rule of law), and <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Montesquieu</strong> (separation of powers).</span></span></li>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Speedy resolution of cases by tribunals may lead to injustices.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note</strong>:</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Justice hurried is justice buried.</span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> They have wide discretion thus making their decisions uncertain or unpredictable.</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The right to appeal is not always guaranteed. Normally, statutes establishing administrative have phrases such as, "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the decision shall be final and conclusive</em>", "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the decision shall not be appealable</em>", "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">the decision shall not be subjected to judicial review</em>", and etc. Such kinds of provisions have come to be known as "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ouster clauses</em>", "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">finality clauses</em>", "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">protective clauses</em>" or "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">preclusive clauses</em>". </span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They are not always independent of the government influences. For example, Officers of the Ministry may form part of the panel/quorum, and usually members of the tribunals are appointees of the President or Minister.</span></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In practice, administrative tribunals violates rules of natural justice <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e. </em>they pass decisions without; giving reasons, hearing all parties, or adjudicates in matters that they have interest, or abdicate/sub-delegate their judicial powers to other agencies or person/s.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> <strong style="background-color: #ddd9c3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">Maxim:</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nemo judex in causa sua</em> potest (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> no one can be a judge in his own cause); Audi alteram partem (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> hear both sides);<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Delegatus non potest delegare</em> (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> delegated powers can not be delegated any further).</span></span></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Tribunals are manned by laymen and thus advocates are not allowed to appear.</span></li>
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<span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subordination of the ordinary courts of law.<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span style="color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NB</strong>: </span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The aspect of "Judicial control of administrative tribunal" will be covered under the caption, "Judicial control of Administrative Action/s (<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e.</em> Judicial Review)".</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">H/Work:</span></strong></div>
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<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Show the differences between "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">administrative tribunals</em>", "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">commission of inquiry</em>" and "<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">disciplinary committees</em>".</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Name and explain any ten (10) administrative tribunals in Tanzania.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">References</strong>:<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[Available at the law collection, UDSM - Main Library]<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></strong></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><strong style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Thakker, C.K </strong><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px;">(</span><strong style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Justice</strong><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px;"> </span><strong style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Takwani</strong><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px;">) (1998) </span><em style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lectures on Administrative Law</em><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px;">. </span><strong style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(Law KPN. T45). <em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">**</em></strong><em style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read,<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></strong>pp.192-233.<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></strong></em><strong style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Wade </strong><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px;">(1998) </span><em style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Administrative Law. </em><strong style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(Law KD 4879. W3).</strong><span style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px;"> </span><strong style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">**</strong><em style="background-color: #f4f4f4; color: #666666; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read, pp. 776-824.</em></span>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-44699578302006717982013-01-29T17:58:00.001-08:002013-01-29T17:58:15.958-08:00An Introduction to Public Law Of Tanzania<br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">© JABA SHADRACK, Department of Public Law, School of Law (Formerly, Faculty of law) at the </b><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">University of Dar es Salaam. </b><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">(CTL CLASS – OCTOBER 27, 2011)</b></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lecture outline:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.1 Meaning of law<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.2. Role and functions of law<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.3. Sources of law in Tanzania<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.4. Classification of law<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.5 References<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.1 MEANING OF LAW<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To religious people, the term law is closely associated with God's commands or directives or rules contained in Holy Books, thus 'law of nature' (i.e. law proclaimed my a supernatural beings, e.g. ancestors, spirits, goddess and etc). But, to social scientists, lawyers, politicians and economists, the term 'law' relates with the command of the sovereign (state) and its various institutions, thus 'law of science' (i.e. peoples' will or agreed system and standards of conduct). However, the area of concern in this brief outline is the 'law of science'.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following are some attempts to define the term 'law':-<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) Oxford Dictionary of law, 7th Ed., 2009 (p. 316).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Define the term 'law' as the enforceable body of rules that govern the society.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) Shivji, 2004, et. al., p. 3.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Is an obligatory rules of conduct imposed or recognised and enforced by the state.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(c) Salwan and Narang (2008) Academic's legal dictionary. 18th Ed., p. 201.<a name='more'></a><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Refer the term law as:</b> (a) legislative pronouncements of the rules which should guide one's actions in society; (b) the body of principles recognised and applied by the state in the administration of justice; (c) a rule of action to which human being's conduct must conform.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(d) Webster's New World law Dictionary (2006)<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Define the term 'law' as: (i) the complete body of statutes, rules, enforced customs and norms, and court decisions governing the relations of individuals and corporate entities to one another and to the state; (ii) the subset of such statutes and other rules and materials dealing with a particular subject matter; (iii) the system by which such statutes and rules are administered; (iv) the profession of interpreting such statutes and rules.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Summary:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Means a set of rules and norms or a standard of pattern of behaviour to which every individual in the society has to conform to. Rules ought to be obeyed, otherwise, the violator of such rules or standards behaviour can be taken to court, tribunal or other formal/informal institution or person and get punished/sanctioned.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Example:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rules against genital mutilation, rape, fraud, forgery, theft, corruption, homicide, and etc<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Basic elements or features to be considered in defining the term 'law':<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The law must be a body or system of obligatory rules/norms (not optional) obeyed or adhered to by every member of the society (i.e. normative nature of the law: – law is obligatory on human conduct/s).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">QUESTION:</b> What about the concept of 'a King/Queen can do no wrong' (<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">i.e. rex/regina non potest peccare</i>).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(i) The law must be imposed or recognised and enforced by the sovereign or state (i.e. state centred or backed law: – institutional nature of law).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(ii) The impact or consequences of violating (breach) of the law must result into sanction/punishment/threat (i.e. coercive nature of law).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iii) The law must apply to a whole community or to a cross-section of a society (i.e. general application).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Section 22 of The Interpretation of Laws Act (Cap. 1) provides that;<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Every Act shall be deemed to be a public Act unless the contrary is expressly provided in the Act and shall be judicially noticed as such.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">QUESTION:</b> How does law differ from 'religious norms or rules of morality'?<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.2. ROLE AND FUNCTIONS OF LAW<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are conflicting views as to what actually is the role or aim of the law in the society. On one hand, Marxist scholars see it as a tool of a ruling class (haves) to protect their interest and status quo in the society (i.e. law as an instrument of oppression and domination, e.g. Apartheid laws, Nazi laws, Negro laws, colonial laws, e.g. property law, treason and anti-revolution laws, and etc). On the other hand, Bourgeois scholars conceptualise law as a tool of development, justice and peaceful working and co-existence of individuals in the society or between societies (i.e. law as social engineering, e.g. property ownership laws, city or town planning laws, electoral laws, succession laws, and etc). Specifically, law has the following functions in the society;<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General functions of law:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) To structure and distribute public powers to both individual personnel and organs/institutions of the state (e.g. Judiciary, Legislature and Executive; or powers of the president as opposed to powers of the DPP or Attorney General and etc.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) To regulate private relations or dealings (e.g. land law, contract law, marriage) and etc.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(c) To provide a way of resolving or avoiding conflicts/disputes in the society.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Specific functions of law:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(i) To maintain public order, e.g. criminal law<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(ii) To regulate human and state dealings and cooperation/interaction, e.g. law of contract, international laws, and etc.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iii) To act as a medium of dispute resolution, e.g. law of tort, procedural laws and etc<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iv) To protect public morality, e.g. criminalizing homosexuality, prostitution, pornography, and etc.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(v) To regulate governmental powers, e.g. constitutional law, administrative law<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(vi) To protect individual rights and freedom, e.g. bill of rights, anti-discrimination legislation.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.3. SOURCES OF LAW IN TANZANIA<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are two sources of laws in Tanzania, namely formal/primary and non-formal/secondary.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) Formal/Primary sources of law:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These include;<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(i) The Constitution (as the basic law);<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(ii) Statutory laws,<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">i.e. principal legislations (Ordinances or Acts of Parliament);<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iii) Subsidiary legislations, i.e. by-laws, regulations, rules, directives, orders and etc.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iv) Court Decisions in Tanzania: (especially, Court of records, i.e. The High court and Court of Appeal).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note:</b> refer the concept/s of 'stare decisis', 'standard of justice' and 'precedent'.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(v) Received laws: i.e. the common law, Doctrine of Equity, and Statutes of General Applications.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(vi) International and Regional law: i.e. Treaties, Conventions, bi-lateral or multi-lateral agreements, declarations and etc, e.g. refer laws of the EAC, SADC, AU and other laws made under the auspices of the UN.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) Non-formal/Secondary sources of law:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These are:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(i) Customary laws (customs and norms of each tribes), e.g. Haya customary on succession law.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(ii) Religious laws, e.g. Islamic law.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(iii) Trade usage, customs and lawful agreements or contracts or arrangements between private individuals.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note:</b> for non-formal sources of law to be enforced [they] must be constitutional and consistent with primary sources of law.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Question:</b> Where do we get law in Tanzania?<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">REFER:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Section/s 2(3), 3, 9 and 11</b> (schedules thereto) of JALA, Cap. 358.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Article 63(3)</b> of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1977 (RE: 2008).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.4. CLASSIFICATION OF LAW<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By classification of law we mean, branches or types or divisions of laws. Laws may be classified into two (2) major categories;<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(1) Municipal laws:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These are national or local laws enacted by legislative bodies in Tanzania. Municipal laws are also divided into two (2) groups;<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(a) Public law and Private law<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Public law</b> is the law which deals with the relationship between the state and individuals, the distribution and exercise of public powers. Braches of public law are Constitution law, Administrative law, Regulatory law (e.g. EWURA & TCRA laws), and Criminal law (e.g. Penal Code). While, <b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Private law</b> is the law which governs relationships between private individuals, for example, law of contract, tort law, property law, succession (and trust) law, and etc. Private laws usually do not involve the government, and are laws that allow one private entity to sue another private entity in a civil lawsuit.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(b) Substantive law and Procedural law<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Substantive law</b> is laws which governs or give rise to rights and obligations, e.g. the Penal Code, Cap. 16 (RE: 2002). While, <b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Procedural laws</b> are just legal steps to be followed in filing a lawsuit against another party, or before arresting or searching another party.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(2) International laws:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These are laws which govern intercourse or relations between sovereign states, or individuals and sovereign states at international level, e.g. law of high seas, diplomacy, and international crimes (e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity, and etc).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International law may be divided into two classes;<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(i)</b> <b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Public international law:</b> law governing relations between states, or a state and private individuals.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">(ii) Private international law:</b> law governing relations between people across nations, e.g. marriage and divorce between a Tanzanian man and Canadian woman.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Home work<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is a difference between Criminal law and Civil law?<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is Public law? List sources of public law.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mention and discuss main functions of public law.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Why do you study public law?<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1.5 REFERENCES:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Statutes:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitution of Zanzibar of 1984<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Interpretation of laws Act, Cap 1, R.E., 2002<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judicature and Application of Laws Act, Cap 358, R.E., 2002<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Books<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Farrar and Dugdale (1990)</b> <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Introduction to Legal Method</i>. 3rd. London: Sweet & Maxwell. (ref. Chapter1).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shivji, I.G., et al (eds),</b> <i style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Constitutional and Legal System of Tanzania: a Civics Sourcebook</i>, Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, 2004.</span></div>
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-52897182621394721412013-01-29T17:45:00.004-08:002013-01-29T17:45:58.516-08:00The Arms and Ammunition Act - Law Reform Commission of Tanzania<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; float: left; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 10px;"><span class="b w xsm" style="color: #1122cc; cursor: pointer; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold;">[PDF]</span> </span><br />
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<a class="l" href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CEYQFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrct.go.tz%2Fdownload%2Fupdated-acts-tanzania%2FARMS.pdf&ei=23oIUZkPy7fRAZjDgfAC&usg=AFQjCNHOOQACgIjXiaayVsUqFhlgL9Iy6Q&sig2=ReOj_VY2v9QrVK5-wxZ9ZA" style="color: #1122cc; cursor: pointer;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Arms and Ammunition Act - <em style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Law</em> Reform Commission of <em style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Tanzania</em></span></a></h3>
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<cite style="color: #009933; display: inline-block; font-style: normal; margin-bottom: 1px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">www.lrct.go.tz/download/updated-acts-<b>tanzania</b>/ARMS.pdf</span></cite><div class="pplsrslc" data-ved="0CEgQ5xkwAg" id="srslc_2">
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File Format:</span> PDF/Adobe Acrobat - <a class="fl" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ANMVbUXTtpwJ:www.lrct.go.tz/download/updated-acts-tanzania/ARMS.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg1zWigA8sDvqB5E5r0insbU4cNpIfiKoyRJS9hAhG7cKZMuYr1z4_xeIyGgJYoKtji90D8uMN6oJPakyXAeqStBJU-lavT4cHERn9wQmT_VU4hCUzpAwlMw1STp1Alm3fZ5ArY&sig=AHIEtbR0tH-XpGUZGhetMiCbYsEsmtdiKw" style="color: #1122cc; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: initial;">Quick View</a><br /><span class="st" style="line-height: 1.24;">(1) This Act shall apply to <em style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Tanzania</em> Zanzibar as well as to <b>...</b> (b) every air <em style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">gun</em> and every other kind of <em style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">gun</em> from which any shot, <b>......</b> 162 of the <em style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Laws</em> of Zanzibar.] <b>...</b></span></span></div>
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-65277551536760187582013-01-29T17:41:00.006-08:002013-01-29T17:41:52.631-08:00TANZANIA PENAL CODE CHAPTER 16 OF THE LAWS (REVISED) (PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION)<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>TANZANIA</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>PENAL CODE</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> CHAPTER 16 OF THE LAWS (REVISED)</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b> (PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>[Issued Under Cap. 1, s. 18]</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>1981</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT PRINTER,</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>DARES SALAAM</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Here</b></span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TZA_penal_code.pdf</span><br />
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-79705174458639434832013-01-29T17:39:00.000-08:002013-01-29T17:43:38.898-08:00INHERITANCE LAW IN TANZANIA: THE IMPOVERISHMENT OF WIDOWS AND DAUGHTERS<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">TAMAR EZER*</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">II. INHERITANCE LAW IN TANZANIA SENTENCES WOMEN TO</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DEPENDENCE, POVERTY, AND SUBORDINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A. TANZANIA’S CHOICE OF LAW RULES FUNNEL THE MAJORITY</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OF ITS CITIZENS INTO DISCRIMINATORY INHERITANCE SCHEMES,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DEPRIVING WOMEN OF PROPERTY SOLELY ON THE BASIS OF</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">THEIR GENDER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">B. CUSTOMARY LAW DENIES WIDOWS INHERITANCE AND LIMITS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">DAUGHTERS TO THE SMALLEST SHARE WITH ATTACHED</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">RESTRICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. Instead of Recognizing Widows’ Right to Inherit</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Matrimonial Property, Customary Law Treats Them as</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Minors Dependent on the Care of Others and as Property</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">to be Inherited by Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. Customary Law Limits and Restricts Daughters’</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3. Inheritance by Other Family Members Follows a Gender</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Discriminatory Scheme, Generally Passing through</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4. The Limited Customary Rights Granted Women Are</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Even More Uncertain in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C. UNDER ISLAMIC LAW, WOMEN CAN INHERIT ONLY HALF AS</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">MUCH AS MEN, PERPETUATING WOMEN’S DEPENDENCE. . . . . . 615</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* This article is a result of a collaboration between Georgetown’s International Women’s Human</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rights Clinic (“Clinic”) and Tanzania’s Women’s Legal Aid Centre (WLAC). The initial report and</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">proposed statutes were drafted by Spring 2002 students—Nickolas Galli, Susan Gualtier, Kristine Pirnia,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">and Sukyong Suh—and later edited by Christine Davis, then an Associate at Howrey LLP. The team</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">worked under the primary supervision of Susan Deller Ross (the Director of the Clinic), along with</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">supervision by Esther Kisaakye (a Visiting Scholar at Georgetown University and Lecturer of Law at</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Makerere University in Uganda), and input from Monica Mhoja (the then Director of WLAC) and other</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">WLAC attorneys, Rehema Kerefu-Sameji, Jane Magigita, Alex Mgongolwa, and Martin Mdoe. The</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Spring 2002 fact-finding team also consisted of the following WLAC attorneys: Magdalena Acquilin,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Safina Hassan, and Scholastica Jullu. This project was made possible through the generous support of</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development). This article builds on the original Spring 2002</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">report, but it is a rewritten and updated version prepared by Clinic Attorney-Fellow Tamar Ezer.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Acknowledgements: Christine Davis was invaluable in providing information on the 2002 fact-</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">finding. I would also like to thank my later students who worked on other Tanzania projects and on</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">inheritance issues in Tanzania, Uganda, and Nigeria, whose subsequent interviews and thoughts helped</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">enrich and inform my writing. Finally, a special thanks to Daniel McLaughlin and Uriel Mendieta, whose</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">hard work and insights helped me with this article.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">More here</span></b> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://winafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Inheritance-Law-in-Tanzania1.pdf</span>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-6048569993827800682012-09-29T13:49:00.000-07:002012-09-29T13:49:08.767-07:00CHAPTER 213 THE BUSINESS NAMES (REGISTRATION) ACT [PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION] ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS <br />
CHAPTER 213<br />
THE BUSINESS NAMES (REGISTRATION) ACT<br />
[PRINCIPAL LEGISLATION]<br />
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS<br />
Section<br />
Title<br />
1. Short title.<br />
2. Interpretation.<br />
3. Registrar and deputies.<br />
4. Firms and persons to be registered.<br />
5. Registration by nominee, etc.<br />
6. Manner and particulars of registration.<br />
7. Statement to be signed by persons registering.<br />
8. Time for registration.<br />
9. Restriction on registration of certain business names.<br />
10. Registration not to authorise use.<br />
11. Registration of changes in firm.<br />
12. Rectification of the register in certain cases.<br />
13. Penalty for default in registration.<br />
14. Penalty for carrying on business under unauthorised name.<br />
15. Disability of persons in default.<br />
16. Penalty for false statements.<br />
17. Duty to furnish particulars to the Registrar.<br />
18. Registrar to file statement and issue certificate of registration.<br />
19. Index to be kept.<br />
20. Removal of names from register.<br />
21. Inspection of statements registered.<br />
22. Power of Minister to make rules.<br />
23. Publication of true names, etc.<br />
24. Offences by corporations.<br />
SCHEDULE<br />
CHAPTER 213<br />
THE BUSINESS NAMES (REGISTRATION) ACT<br />
An Act to provide for the registration of business names.<br />
[21st February, 1930]<br />
Ords. Nos.<br />
1 of 1930<br />
37 of 1955<br />
Acts Nos.<br />
4 of 1975<br />
13 of 1991<br />
1. Short title<br />
This Act may be cited as the Business Names (Registration) Act.<br />
2. Interpretation In this Act unless the context otherwise requires–<br />
"business" includes profession;<br />
"business name" means the name or style under which any business is carried<br />
on, whether in partnership or otherwise;<br />
"firm" means an unincorporate body of two or more individuals, or one or more<br />
individuals and one or more corporations, or two or more corporations, who have<br />
entered into partnership with one another with a view to carry on business for profit;<br />
"foreign firm" means any firm, individual or corporation whose principal place of business is not situated within Tanzania;<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
"individual" means a natural person and shall not include a corporation;<br />
"initials" includes any recognised abbreviation of a name.<br />
In the case of a peer or person usually known by a British title different from his<br />
surname, the title by which he is known shall be substituted in this Act for his surname;<br />
References in this Act to a former name or surname shall not, in the case of<br />
natural-born British subjects, include a former name or surname where that name or<br />
surname has been changed or disused before the person bearing the name has attained<br />
the age of eighteen years, and, in the case of a married woman, shall not include the<br />
name or surname by which she was known previous to the marriage;<br />
References in this Act to a change of name shall not include, in the case of<br />
natural-born British subjects, a change of name which has taken place before the person<br />
whose name has been changed has attained the age of eighteen years; or, in the case<br />
of a peer or a person usually known by a British title different from his surname, the<br />
adoption of or succession to the title;<br />
"Minister" means the Minister responsible for commerce;<br />
"showcards" means cards containing or exhibiting articles dealt with, or<br />
samples or representations thereof.<br />
3. Registrar and deputies (1) The Minister may appoint a Registrar, and such<br />
Deputy Registrars as may from time to time be required for the purposes of this Act.<br />
(2) Every Deputy Registrar may, subject to the directions of the Registrar,<br />
perform any act or discharge any duty which the Registrar may lawfully do or is required<br />
by this Act to do, and for such purpose shall have all the powers, privileges and authority<br />
of the Registrar.<br />
4. Firms and persons to be registered Subject to the provisions of this Act–<br />
(a) every firm having a place of business in Tanzania and carrying on business<br />
under a business name which does not consist of the true surnames of all<br />
partners who are individuals and the corporate names of all partners who are<br />
corporations without any addition other than the true names of individual<br />
partners or initials of such names;<br />
(b) every individual having a place of business in Tanzania and carrying on<br />
business under a business name which does not consist of his true names or<br />
the initials thereof;<br />
(c) every corporation having a place of business in Tanzania and carrying on<br />
business under a business name which does not consist of the corporate name<br />
of the corporation without any addition;<br />
(d) every individual or firm having a place of business in Tanzania who, or a<br />
member of which has either before or after the passing of this Act changed his<br />
name, except in the case of a woman in consequence of marriage,<br />
shall be registered in the manner directed by this Act:<br />
Provided that–<br />
(i) where two or more individual partners have the same surname, the addition of<br />
an "s" at the end of that surname shall not of itself render registration<br />
necessary;<br />
(ii) where the business is carried on by a receiver, manager or trustee appointed by<br />
any court, registration shall not be necessary; and<br />
(iii) a purchase or acquisition of property by two or more persons as joint tenants or<br />
tenants in common is not of itself to be deemed carrying on a business whether<br />
or not the owners share any profits arising from the sale thereof.<br />
5. Registration by a nominee, etc. Where a firm, individual or by corporation having a place of business within<br />
Tanzania carries on the business wholly or mainly as nominee or trustee of or for<br />
another person, or other persons, or another corporation, or acts as general agent for<br />
any foreign firm, the first mentioned firm, individual or corporation shall be registered in<br />
the manner provided by this Act, and, in addition to the other particulars required to be<br />
furnished and registered, there shall be furnished and registered the particulars<br />
Schedule mentioned in the Schedule to this Act:<br />
Provided that where the business is carried on by a receiver, manager or trustee<br />
appointed by any court, registration under this section shall not be necessary.<br />
6. Manner and particulars of registration<br />
(1) Every firm or person required under this Act to be registered shall send by<br />
post or deliver to the Registrar at the register office a statement in writing in the<br />
prescribed form containing the following particulars–<br />
(a) the business name;<br />
(b) the general nature of the business;<br />
(c) the principal place of the business;<br />
(d) where the registration to be effected is that of a firm, the present name and<br />
surname, any former name or surname, the nationality, and if that nationality is<br />
not the nationality of origin, the nationality of origin, the age, the sex, the usual<br />
residence, and the other business occupation (if any) of each of the individuals<br />
who are partners, and the corporate name and registered or principal office of<br />
every corporation which is a partner;<br />
(e) where the registration to be effected is that of an individual, the present name<br />
and surname, any former name or surname, the nationality, and if that<br />
nationality is not the nationality of origin, the nationality of origin, the age, the<br />
sex, the usual residence, and the other business occupation (if any) of such<br />
individual;<br />
(f) where the registration to be effected is that of a corporation, its corporate name<br />
and registered or principal office;<br />
(g) if the business is commenced after the passing of this Act, the date of the<br />
commencement of the business; and<br />
(h) where the registration to be effected is that of a firm, the name of every person<br />
empowered to operate the firm's bank account or to sign, draw or endorse on<br />
behalf of the firm any bill of exchange, promissory note or other negotiable<br />
instrument or holding the firm's general power of attorney:<br />
Provided that where any such partner or individual is of or over the age of twentyone years, it shall be sufficient for him to state his age as "full age".<br />
(2) Where a business is carried on under two or more business names, each of<br />
those business names shall be stated.<br />
7. Statement to be signed by persons registering<br />
The statement required for the purpose of registration must in the case of an<br />
individual be signed by him, and in the case of a corporation by a Director or Secretary<br />
thereof, and in the case of a firm either by all the individuals who are partners, and by a<br />
Director or the Secretary of all corporations which are partners or by some individual<br />
who is a partner, or a director or the secretary of some corporation which is a partner,<br />
and in either of the last two cases must be verified by a statutory declaration made<br />
by the signatory:<br />
Provided that no such statutory declaration stating that any person other than the<br />
declarant is a partner, or omitting to state that any person other than as aforesaid is a<br />
partner, shall be evidence for or against any such other person in respect of his liability or non-liability as a partner, and that the High Court or a judge thereof may on<br />
application of any person alleged or claiming to be a partner direct the rectification of the<br />
register and decide any question arising under this section.<br />
8. Time for registration<br />
(1) The particulars required to be furnished under this Act shall be furnished<br />
within twenty-eight days after the firm or person commences business, or the business<br />
in respect of which registration is required, as the case may be:<br />
Provided that if such firm or person has carried on such business before the<br />
passing of this Act or commences such business within two months thereafter, the<br />
statement of particulars shall be furnished after the expiration of two months and before<br />
the expiration of three months from the passing of this Act, and that if at the expiration of<br />
the said two months the conditions affecting the firm or person have ceased to be such<br />
as to require registration under this Act the firm or person need not be registered so long<br />
as such conditions continue.<br />
(2) This section shall apply, in the case where registration is required in<br />
consequence of a change of name, as if for references to the date of the<br />
commencement of the business there were substituted references to the date of such<br />
change.<br />
9. Restriction on registration of certain business names (1) The Registrar<br />
shall refuse to register any firm, individual or corporation carrying on business under a<br />
business name–<br />
(a) which contains any word, which in the opinion of the Registrar, is likely to<br />
mislead the public as to nationality, race or religion of the persons by whom the<br />
business is wholly or mainly owned or controlled;<br />
(b) which includes any of the words "Imperial", "Royal", "Empire",<br />
"Commonwealth", "Government", "Municipal", or any other word, in such a<br />
context as, in the opinion of the Registrar, imports or suggests that the business<br />
enjoys the patronage of Her Majesty or of any member of the Royal Family or<br />
as to import any connection with or recognition by the Government of any part<br />
of Her Majesty's dominions or a local authority;<br />
(c) which includes the words "building society" or "co-operative" or their equivalent<br />
in any other language or any abbreviation thereof;<br />
(d) which is identical with or is similar to that under which any firm, individual or<br />
corporation is registered under this Act, or under the Companies Act<br />
i<br />
*, or under<br />
the Co-operative Societies Act<br />
ii<br />
* if in the opinion of the Registrar such<br />
registration would be likely to mislead the public.<br />
(2) The Registrar, upon the request of any person and upon the payment of the<br />
prescribed fee, shall state whether or not any proposed business name may be<br />
registered.<br />
(3) Where the Registrar has stated that any business name may be registered,<br />
the firm, individual or corporation which made the request shall be entitled to registration<br />
in that business name at any time within twenty-eight days of the date of the decision of<br />
the Registrar, and during that time no other firm, person or corporation shall be entitled<br />
to registration in that business name.<br />
(4) Any firm, individual or corporation aggrieved by a decision of the Registrar<br />
under this section may appeal to the High Court whose decision shall be final.<br />
10. Registration not to authorise use The registration of a firm, individual or<br />
corporation under this Act shall not be construed as authorising the use of a business<br />
name if apart from such registration the use thereof could be prohibited.<br />
11. Registration of changes in firm Whenever a change is made or occurs in any of the particulars registered in<br />
respect of any firm or person such firm or person shall, within twenty-eight days after<br />
such change or such longer period as the Registrar may, on application being made in<br />
any particular case, whether before or after the expiration of such twenty-eight days,<br />
allow, sending by post or deliver to the Registrar a statement in writing in the prescribed<br />
form specifying the nature and date of the change signed, and where necessary verified<br />
in like manner as the statement required on registration.<br />
12. Rectification of the register in certain cases (1) If, after the thirteenth day<br />
of May, 1955–<br />
(a) any firm, individual or corporation is, through inadvertence or otherwise,<br />
registered under a business name under which registration under this Act ought<br />
to have been refused; or<br />
(b) any change of ownership of a business occurs as a result of which a firm,<br />
individual or corporation is carrying on business under a business name which,<br />
on an application for registration under this Act ought to have been refused, <br />
the Registrar shall, by notice in writing, require such firm, individual or corporation to<br />
change such business name within such time as may be specified in such notice and<br />
upon compliance with such notice the Registrar shall, subject to the provisions of section<br />
9, record such change without requiring the payment of any fee and if the default is<br />
made in complying with his requirements the Registrar may cancel the entry in the<br />
Register relating to such firm, individual or corporation:<br />
Provided that where the Registrar is satisfied that, having regard to the nature of<br />
any business and the nationality of the persons employed therein, the retention of the<br />
business name would not be contrary to the public interest, he may in his absolute<br />
discretion permit the retention of such name subject to such conditions as he may think<br />
fit.<br />
(2) Any firm, individual or corporation aggrieved by any requirement of the<br />
Registrar under this section or by the cancellation of any entry in the register may appeal<br />
to the High Court whose decision shall be final.<br />
13. Penalty for default in registration If any firm or person by this Act required to<br />
furnish a statement of particulars or of any change in particulars shall without reasonable<br />
excuse make default in so doing in the manner and within the time specified by this Act<br />
every partner in the firm or the person so in default shall upon conviction be liable to a<br />
fine not exceeding two hundred shillings for every day during which the default<br />
continues, and the court shall order a statement of the required particulars or change in<br />
the particulars to be furnished to the Registrar within such time as may be specified in<br />
the order.<br />
14. Penalty for carrying on business under unauthorised name If the firm,<br />
individual or corporation carries on business under a business name in respect of which<br />
such firm, individual or corporation has been refused registration under section 9 or<br />
which the Registrar has required to be changed under section 12, every partner in the<br />
firm or the individual or the corporation, as the case may be, commits an offence under<br />
this Act of and upon conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand shillings<br />
for every day during which the offence continues:<br />
Provided that no partner commits an offence under this section if he shall satisfy<br />
the court that the business was so carried on without his knowledge or consent and that<br />
its being so carried on was not facilitated by any neglect on his part.<br />
15. Disability of persons in default<br />
(1) Where any firm or person by this Act required to furnish a statement of<br />
particulars or of any change in particulars shall have made default in so doing, then the rights of that defaulter under or arising out of any contract made or entered into by or on<br />
behalf of such defaulter in relation to the business in respect of the carrying on of which<br />
particulars were required to be furnished at any time while he is in default shall not be<br />
enforceable by action or other legal proceeding whether in the business name or<br />
otherwise:<br />
Provided–<br />
(a) the defaulter may apply to the court for relief against the disability imposed by<br />
this section, and the court, on being satisfied that the default was accidental or<br />
due to inadvertence, or some other sufficient cause or that on other grounds it<br />
is just and equitable to grant relief, may grant such relief either generally, or as<br />
respects any particular contracts, on condition of the costs of the application<br />
being paid by the defaulter, unless the court otherwise orders, and on such<br />
other conditions (if any) as the court may impose, but such relief shall not be<br />
granted except on such service and on such publication of notice of the<br />
application as the court may order, nor shall relief be given in respect of any<br />
contract if any party to the contract proves to the satisfaction of the court that, if<br />
this Act had been complied with, he would not have entered into the contract;<br />
(b) nothing shall prejudice the rights of any other parties as against the defaulter in<br />
respect of such contract as aforesaid;<br />
(c) if any action or proceeding shall be commenced by any other party against the<br />
defaulter to enforce the rights of such party in respect of such contract, nothing<br />
shall preclude the defaulter from enforcing in that action or proceeding, by way<br />
of counterclaim, set off or otherwise, such rights as he may have against that<br />
party in respect of such contract.<br />
(2) In this section the expression "court" means the High Court or a judge<br />
thereof:<br />
Provided that, without prejudice to the power of the High Court or a judge thereof<br />
to grant such relief as aforesaid, if any proceeding to enforce any contract is<br />
commenced by a defaulter in a subordinate court, the subordinate court may, as<br />
respects that contract, grant such relief as aforesaid.<br />
16. Penalty for false statements If any statement required to be furnished under this<br />
Act contains any matter which is false in any material particular to the knowledge of any<br />
person signing it, that person shall, upon conviction, be liable to imprisonment of either<br />
description for a term not exceeding twelve months, or to a fine not exceeding fifty<br />
thousand shillings, or to both such fine and imprisonment.<br />
17. Duty to furnish particulars to the Registrar(1) The Registrar may require any<br />
person to furnish to him such particulars as appear to him necessary for the purpose of<br />
ascertaining whether or not such person or the firm of which he is partner should be<br />
registered under this Act, or an alteration made in the registered particulars, and may<br />
also in the case of a corporation require the secretary or any other officer of a<br />
corporation performing the duties of Secretary to furnish such particulars, and if any<br />
person when so required fails to supply such particulars as it is in his power to give, or<br />
furnishes particulars which are false in any material particular, he shall upon conviction<br />
be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to a fine not exceeding<br />
fifty thousand shillings or to both such fine and imprisonment.<br />
(2) If from any information so furnished it appears to the Registrar that any firm or<br />
person ought to be registered under this Act, or an alteration ought to be made in the<br />
registered particulars, the Registrar may require the firm or person to furnish him with<br />
the required particulars within such time as he may allow, but where any default under<br />
this Act has been discovered from the information acquired under this section, no proceedings under this Act shall be taken against any person in respect of such default<br />
prior to the expiration of the time within which the firm or person is required by the<br />
Registrar under this section to furnish such particulars.<br />
18. Registrar to file statement and issue certificate of registration On receiving<br />
any statement or statutory declaration made in pursuance of this Act, the Registrar shall,<br />
subject to the provisions of section 9 cause the same to be filed, and he shall send by<br />
post or deliver a certificate of the registration thereof to the firm or person registering and<br />
the certificate or certified copy thereof shall be kept in a conspicuous position at the<br />
principal place of business of the firm or individual, and if not kept Schedule so exhibited<br />
every partner in the firm, or the person as the case may be, shall be liable upon<br />
conviction to a fine not exceeding five thousand shillings.<br />
19. Index to be kept<br />
At the register office, the Registrar shall keep an index of all the firms and<br />
persons registered at that office under this Act. <br />
20. Removal of names from register (1) If any firm or individual registered under<br />
this Act ceases to carry on business, it shall be the duty of the persons who were<br />
partners in the firm at the time when it ceased to carry on business or of the individual or<br />
if he is dead of his personal representative, within three months after the business has<br />
ceased to be carried on, to send by post or deliver to the Registrar notice in the<br />
prescribed form that the firm or individual has ceased to carry on business, and if any<br />
person whose duty is to give such notice fails to do so within such time as aforesaid, he<br />
shall upon conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand shillings:<br />
Provided that the Registrar may in his absolute discretion on reasonable cause<br />
therefor being shown, extend such time as aforesaid to such time as he may think fit.<br />
(2) On receipt of such a notice as aforesaid the Registrar may remove the firm or<br />
individual from the register.<br />
(3) Where the Registrar has reasonable cause to believe that any firm or<br />
individual registered under this Act is not carrying on business he may send to the firm<br />
or individual by registered post a notice, that, unless an answer is received to such<br />
notice within six weeks from the date thereof, the firm or individual may be removed from<br />
the register.<br />
(4) If the Registrar either receives an answer from the firm or individual to the<br />
effect that the firm or individual is not carrying on business or does not within six weeks<br />
after sending the notice receive an answer, he may remove the firm or individual from<br />
the register.<br />
21. Inspection of statements registered<br />
(1) At any time after the expiration of six months from the passing of this Act or of<br />
such longer period, not being more than nine months from the passing of this Act, as the<br />
President may by order direct, any person may inspect the documents filed by the<br />
Registrar on payment of such fees as may be prescribed not exceeding two shillings for<br />
each inspection; and any person may require a certificate of the registration of any firm<br />
or person, or a copy of or extract from any registered statement to be certified by the<br />
Registrar, and there shall be paid for such certificate of registration, certified copy or<br />
extract such fees as may be prescribed not exceeding four shillings for the certificate of<br />
registration, and not exceeding one shilling for each folio of seventy-two words, of the<br />
entry, copy or extract.<br />
(2) A certificate of registration, or a copy of or extract from any statement<br />
registered under this Act, if duly certified to be a true copy or extract under the hand of<br />
the Registrar shall, in all legal proceedings, civil or criminal, without proof that it is under<br />
the hand of the Registrar, be received in evidence. 22. Power of Minister to make rules The Minister may make rules concerning<br />
any of the following matters–<br />
(a) the fees to be paid to the Registrar under this Act;<br />
(b) the forms to be used under this Act;<br />
(c) the duties to be performed by the Registrar under this Act; and<br />
(d) generally the conduct and regulation of registration under this Act, and any<br />
matters incidental thereto.<br />
23. Publication of true names, etc.<br />
(1) After the expiration of three months from the passing of this Act every<br />
individual and firm required by this Act to be registered shall, in all trade catalogues,<br />
trade circulars, showcards and business letters, on or in which the business name<br />
appears, be mentioned in legible characters–<br />
(a) in the case of an individual, his present name or the initials thereof and present<br />
surname, any former name or surname, his nationality and if his nationality is<br />
not his nationality of origin his nationality of origin; and<br />
(b) in the case of a firm, the present names or the initials thereof and present<br />
surnames, any former names and surnames, and the nationality and if the<br />
nationality is not the origin the nationality of origin of all the partners in the firm<br />
or, in the case of a corporation being a partner the corporate name.<br />
(2) If default is made in compliance with this section the individual or, as the case<br />
may be, every member of the firm shall be liable upon conviction for each offence to a<br />
fine not exceeding one hundred and fifty shillings.<br />
24. Offences by corporations<br />
Where a corporation commits an offence under this Act every Director,<br />
Secretary, and officer of the corporation who is knowingly a party to the default commits<br />
a like offence and is liable to a like penalty.<br />
SCHEDULE<br />
(Section 5)<br />
Description of Firm, etc. Additional Particulars<br />
Where the firm, individual or corporation<br />
required to be registered carries on business as<br />
nominee or trustee.<br />
The present name and surname, any former<br />
name, nationality, and, if that nationality is not<br />
the nationality of origin, the nationality of origin,<br />
and usual residence, or, as the case may be,<br />
the corporate name of every person or<br />
corporation on whose behalf the business is<br />
carried on: Provided that if the business is<br />
carried on under any trust and any of the<br />
beneficiaries are a class of children or other<br />
persons, a description of the class shall be<br />
sufficient.<br />
Where the firm, individual or corporation<br />
required to be registered carries on business as<br />
general agent for any foreign firm.<br />
The business name and address of the firm or<br />
person as agent for whom the business is<br />
carried on: Provided that if the business is<br />
carried on as agent for three or more foreign<br />
firms it shall be sufficient to state the fact that<br />
the business so carried on, specifying the<br />
countries in which such foreign firms carry on<br />
<br />
<a href="http://rita.go.tz/laws/History%20Laws/The%20Business%20Names%20Registration%20Ordinance%20(Cap.%20213)..pdf">http://rita.go.tz/laws/History%20Laws/The%20Business%20Names%20Registration%20Ordinance%20(Cap.%20213)..pdf</a><br />
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-366423581369693462012-09-29T13:43:00.002-07:002012-09-29T13:43:36.645-07:00REVEREND CHRISTOPHER R. MTIKILA V THE UNITED REPUBLUC OF TANZANIA APPLICATION NO. 011/2011<br />
CASE NOTE<br />
REVEREND CHRISTOPHER R. MTIKILA V THE UNITED REPUBLUC OF TANZANIA<br />
APPLICATION NO. 011/2011<br />
A. THE PARTIES<br />
1. The Applicant, Reverend Christopher R. Mtikila, is a citizen of the United<br />
Republic of Tanzania. He is represented by Counsels, Setondji Adjovi, Mary R.<br />
Birdi, Deogratias M. Njau and Megan R. Thompson, all of Etudes Vihode of<br />
Benin, Charles Adeogun-Phillips of Charles Anthony LLP (Nigeria) and Francis<br />
Dako of Cabinet Francis Dako, Benin.<br />
2. The Respondent is the United Republic of Tanzania and is a State Party to the<br />
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter) having ratified it<br />
on 18 February 1984 and in respect of which it entered into force on 21 October<br />
1986. The Respondent is a State Party to the Protocol to the African Charter on<br />
Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human<br />
and Peoples’ Rights (Protocol Establishing the Court) which it ratified on 6<br />
February 2006. The applicant alleges that the Respondent has deposited the<br />
Declaration required under Article 34(6) of the Protocol Establishing the Court<br />
allowing individuals and NGOs with Observer Status before the Commission to<br />
directly access the Court. Further, the Respondent is also a State Party to the<br />
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) since 11 June 1976.<br />
3. The Respondent is represented by:<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
1. Mr. George M. Masaju, Deputy Attorney General<br />
Attorney General’s Chambers<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
2. Mr. Mathew Mwaimu, Director of Constitutional Affairs and Human Rights<br />
Attorney General’s Chambers<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
3. Mrs. Irene Kasyanju-Assistant Director and Head of Legal Affairs Unit<br />
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-54296363515967566712012-09-29T13:06:00.000-07:002012-09-29T13:06:01.161-07:00Application No. 009/2011 Tanganyika Law Society & Legal and Human Rights Centre v. The United Republic of Tanzania<br />
Application No. 009/2011<br />
Tanganyika Law Society & Legal and Human Rights Centre<br />
v. The United Republic of Tanzania<br />
Summary of facts<br />
1. The Applicants submit that the Respondent State is in violation of Article 2 and<br />
13(1) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and articles 3 and<br />
25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a violation<br />
that was institutionalized in 1992, at the onset of multiparty politics in the country.<br />
2. According to the Applicants, in 1992, the National Assembly passed the Eighth<br />
Amendment to the Constitution and prescribed a requirement for membership to<br />
and sponsorship by a political party for all persons running for Presidential,<br />
Parliamentary and Local Government elections. They submit further that in 1993,<br />
a certain Reverend Mtikila challenged the 8<br />
th<br />
constitutional amendment, and on<br />
16<br />
th<br />
October 1994, the Respondent tabled a bill, the 11<br />
th<br />
Constitutional<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Amendment, seeking to nullify the right of independent candidates to contest<br />
Presidential, Parliamentary and Local Government elections.<br />
3. According to the Applicants, on 24 October 1994, the High Court found in favour<br />
of Reverend Mtikila, and declared that it was lawful for independent candidates to<br />
contest elections. On 2 December 1994, the National Assembly passed the<br />
Eleventh Constitutional Amendment, whose effect was to the position of the 8<br />
th<br />
amendment, thus reversing the High Court decision of 24 October 1994.<br />
4. In 2005, Reverend Mtikila again challenged the Eleventh Amendment, and in<br />
May 2006, the High Court again ruled in his favour, stating that the impugned<br />
amendments were violative of the democratic values and principles enshrined in<br />
the Constitution. 5. In 2009, the Respondent appealed the decision of the High Court to the Court of<br />
Appeal, (the highest Court in the country), and in June 2010, the Court of Appeal,<br />
reversed the decision of the High Court.<br />
6. The Applicants note that the effect of the violation is that a great majority of<br />
Tanzanians who do not belong to political parties have been discriminated<br />
against and denied the opportunity to take part in public affairs or from being<br />
elected.<br />
7. They state that all domestic remedies have been exhausted and the violation is<br />
continuing.<br />
Procedure<br />
8. The application was received at the Registry on 2 June 2011 and was registered<br />
the same day.<br />
9. By letter dated 17 June 2011, the Registry wrote to the African Commission to<br />
inquire whether the applicants have observer status before the Commission.<br />
10.By letter dated 15 July 2011, the Secretariat of the African Commission<br />
confirmed that the applicants have observer status before the Commission.<br />
11.By Note verbale of 18 July 2011, the application was sent to the Respondent,<br />
and by letter of the same date the AUC and other State Parties to the Protocol<br />
were informed of the application.<br />
12.By Note Verbale dated 19 August, 2011, the Respondent State communicated<br />
the names and addresses of its representatives to the Registry.<br />
13.By note verbale dated 19 August, 2011, the Registry acknowledged receipt of<br />
the Respondent’s Note Verbale communicating the names and addresses of its<br />
representatives.For further information, please contact:<br />
The Registrar<br />
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights<br />
P.O Box 6274 Arusha,<br />
Tanzania<br />
Telephone: +255 732 979506/9 or direct line - +255 732 979 994<br />
Fax: 255 732 979503<br />
Email registrar@african-court.org or registry@african-court.org<br />
Web site: www.african-court.org <br />
Date: 24<br />
th<br />
August 2011<br />
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-4422477130946992172012-09-29T13:02:00.002-07:002012-09-29T13:02:25.635-07:00Application No. 009/2011 Tanganyika Law Society & Legal and Human Rights Centre v. The United Republic of Tanzania<br />
Application No. 009/2011<br />
Tanganyika Law Society & Legal and Human Rights Centre<br />
v. The United Republic of Tanzania<br />
Summary of facts<br />
1. The Applicants submit that the Respondent State is in violation of Article 2 and<br />
13(1) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and articles 3 and<br />
25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a violation<br />
that was institutionalized in 1992, at the onset of multiparty politics in the country.<br />
2. According to the Applicants, in 1992, the National Assembly passed the Eighth<br />
Amendment to the Constitution and prescribed a requirement for membership to<br />
and sponsorship by a political party for all persons running for Presidential,<br />
Parliamentary and Local Government elections. They submit further that in 1993,<br />
a certain Reverend Mtikila challenged the 8<br />
th<br />
constitutional amendment, and on<br />
16<br />
th<br />
October 1994, the Respondent tabled a bill, the 11<br />
th<br />
Constitutional<br />
Amendment, seeking to nullify the right of independent candidates to contest<br />
Presidential, Parliamentary and Local Government elections.<br />
3. According to the Applicants, on 24 October 1994, the High Court found in favour<br />
of Reverend Mtikila, and declared that it was lawful for independent candidates to<br />
contest elections. On 2 December 1994, the National Assembly passed the<br />
Eleventh Constitutional Amendment, whose effect was to the position of the 8<br />
th<br />
amendment, thus reversing the High Court decision of 24 October 1994.<br />
4. In 2005, Reverend Mtikila again challenged the Eleventh Amendment, and in<br />
May 2006, the High Court again ruled in his favour, stating that the impugned<br />
amendments were violative of the democratic values and principles enshrined in<br />
the Constitution. 5. In 2009, the Respondent appealed the decision of the High Court to the Court of<br />
Appeal, (the highest Court in the country), and in June 2010, the Court of Appeal,<br />
reversed the decision of the High Court.<br />
6. The Applicants note that the effect of the violation is that a great majority of<br />
Tanzanians who do not belong to political parties have been discriminated<br />
against and denied the opportunity to take part in public affairs or from being<br />
elected.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
7. They state that all domestic remedies have been exhausted and the violation is<br />
continuing.<br />
Procedure<br />
8. The application was received at the Registry on 2 June 2011 and was registered<br />
the same day.<br />
9. By letter dated 17 June 2011, the Registry wrote to the African Commission to<br />
inquire whether the applicants have observer status before the Commission.<br />
10.By letter dated 15 July 2011, the Secretariat of the African Commission<br />
confirmed that the applicants have observer status before the Commission.<br />
11.By Note verbale of 18 July 2011, the application was sent to the Respondent,<br />
and by letter of the same date the AUC and other State Parties to the Protocol<br />
were informed of the application.<br />
12.By Note Verbale dated 19 August, 2011, the Respondent State communicated<br />
the names and addresses of its representatives to the Registry.<br />
13.By note verbale dated 19 August, 2011, the Registry acknowledged receipt of<br />
the Respondent’s Note Verbale communicating the names and addresses of its<br />
representatives.For further information, please contact:<br />
The Registrar<br />
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights<br />
P.O Box 6274 Arusha,<br />
Tanzania<br />
Telephone: +255 732 979506/9 or direct line - +255 732 979 994<br />
Fax: 255 732 979503<br />
Email registrar@african-court.org or registry@african-court.org<br />
Web site: www.african-court.org <br />
Date: 24<br />
th<br />
August 2011<br />
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-35278615340683730802012-09-29T13:00:00.002-07:002012-09-29T13:01:09.681-07:00Applications No 009&011 – Tanganyika Law Society and The Legal and Human Rights Centre and Reverend Christopher Mtikila V. The United Republic of Tanzania<br />
<br />CASE NOTE<br />
REVEREND CHRISTOPHER R. MTIKILA V THE UNITED REPUBLUC OF TANZANIA<br />
APPLICATION NO. 011/2011<br />
A. THE PARTIES<br />
1. The Applicant, Reverend Christopher R. Mtikila, is a citizen of the United<br />
Republic of Tanzania. He is represented by Counsels, Setondji Adjovi, Mary R.<br />
Birdi, Deogratias M. Njau and Megan R. Thompson, all of Etudes Vihode of<br />
Benin, Charles Adeogun-Phillips of Charles Anthony LLP (Nigeria) and Francis<br />
Dako of Cabinet Francis Dako, Benin.<br />
2. The Respondent is the United Republic of Tanzania and is a State Party to the<br />
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter) having ratified it<br />
on 18 February 1984 and in respect of which it entered into force on 21 October<br />
1986. The Respondent is a State Party to the Protocol to the African Charter on<br />
Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human<br />
and Peoples’ Rights (Protocol Establishing the Court) which it ratified on 6<br />
February 2006. The applicant alleges that the Respondent has deposited the<br />
Declaration required under Article 34(6) of the Protocol Establishing the Court<br />
allowing individuals and NGOs with Observer Status before the Commission to<br />
directly access the Court. Further, the Respondent is also a State Party to the<br />
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) since 11 June 1976.<br />
3. The Respondent is represented by:<br />
1. Mr. George M. Masaju, Deputy Attorney General<br />
Attorney General’s Chambers<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
2. Mr. Mathew Mwaimu, Director of Constitutional Affairs and Human Rights<br />
Attorney General’s Chambers<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
3. Mrs. Irene Kasyanju-Assistant Director and Head of Legal Affairs Unit<br />
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation<br />
Dar es SalaamPage 2 of 6<br />
4. Ms. Sarah Mwaipopo, Senior State Attorney<br />
Attorney General’s Chambers<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
5. Mrs. Alesia Mbuya, Senior State Attorney<br />
Attorney General’s Chambers<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
6. Mr. Benedict Msuya Second Secretary/Legal Officer<br />
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation<br />
Dar es Salaam<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
B. CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE APPLICATION AS ALLEGED BY THE<br />
APPLICANT<br />
4. In 1992 the Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania, which at the time was<br />
exclusively composed of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) representatives<br />
passed the Eighth Constitutional Amendment Act which required any candidate<br />
to Presidential, Parliamentary and Local Government elections in Tanzania to be<br />
sponsored by or to be a registered member of a political party.<br />
5. Following the denial of registration of a political party by the Registrar of Political<br />
Parties, in 1993, the Applicant filed a suit against the Respondent Government<br />
before the High Court at Dodoma challenging the constitutionality of the Eighth<br />
Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. On 27 October 1994, the High Court<br />
found that the Eighth Constitutional Amendment conflicted with the Constitution<br />
and was null and void. This was Civil Case No. 5 of 1993, Rev. Christopher<br />
Mtikila (Plaintiff) versus The Attorney General (Defendant), Ruling of 27 October<br />
1994.<br />
6. However, before the Ruling was made, the Government had submitted a<br />
proposal to Parliament to reinforce the prohibition of independent candidates.<br />
Following the ruling, the Attorney General filed a notice of appeal which was<br />
subsequently abandoned. On 17 January 1995, the Eleventh Constitutional<br />
Amendment Act which reinforced this prohibition on independent candidates,<br />
became law. Page 3 of 6<br />
7. The Applicant filed a similar suit at the High Court at Dar es Salaam challenging<br />
the prohibition of independent candidates and the Eleventh Constitutional<br />
Amendment. On 6 May 2007, the Court again found in his favour. (In the High<br />
Court of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam, Miscellaneous Civil Cause No. 10 of 2005<br />
Christopher Mtikila (Petitioner) versus The Attorney General (Respondent),<br />
Judgment, 5 May 2006.)<br />
8. The Attorney General challenged this Judgment and the Court of Appeal decided<br />
that the matter be settled by Parliament and that the Eleventh Constitutional<br />
Amendment made the issue moot. (The Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Dar es<br />
Salaam, Civil Appeal No. 45 of 2009 between the Honourable Attorney General<br />
(Appellant) and Reverend Christopher Mtikila (Respondent) (Appeal from the<br />
Judgment of the High Court of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam dated the 5<br />
th<br />
day of<br />
May 2006 in Misc. Civil Cause No. 10 of 2005), Judgment of the Court, 17 June<br />
2010. The decision of the Court of Appeal rescinded the decisions of the High<br />
Court at Dodoma and Dar es Salaam.<br />
9. Having exhausted local remedies in Tanzania and there being no application<br />
pending before any international organ, the Applicant makes this Application.<br />
C. COMPLAINTS<br />
10. The Applicant submits that current Tanzanian law violates and continues to<br />
violate his right to freedom of association and to participate in public/government<br />
affairs by prohibiting independent candidates to contest Presidential,<br />
Parliamentary and Local Government elections and that this prohibition violates<br />
the principle of non-discrimination. The Applicant also contends that the<br />
Tanzanian Government has violated the rule of law by initiating a Constitutional<br />
review and subsequent amendment to settle an issue pending before the Courts<br />
of Tanzania.<br />
11. The Applicant relies on Articles 2, 10, 13(1) of the African Charter, Articles 22,<br />
25, 26 of ICCPR and Articles1, 7, 20 and 21(1) of the Universal Declaration of<br />
Human Rights.<br />
D. APPLICANT’S PRAYERSPage 4 of 6<br />
12. The Applicant seeks:<br />
1. A Declaratory Judgment that the Respondent is in violation of Articles 2, 10 and<br />
13(1) of the African Charter and Articles 22, 25 and 26 of ICCPR<br />
2. Compensation for the continuous violation of his rights which have resulted in<br />
costly and lengthy judicial proceedings<br />
3. Reparation<br />
E. RESPONDENT’S PLEADINGS<br />
13. The Respondent raises preliminary objections that it contends make the<br />
application inadmissible and addresses the merits.<br />
14. There are five preliminary objections as follows:<br />
1. The Applicant has not exhausted local remedies as the Parliament of the United<br />
Republic of Tanzania is empowered to legislate to allow for independent<br />
candidates.<br />
2. The Application is time barred for being filed over a year since on 17 June 2009,<br />
the Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania delivered its judgement in<br />
Attorney General versus Reverend Christopher Mtikila, Civil Appeal Number 45<br />
of 2009.<br />
3. The Application contains extraneous matters by citing the Treaty for the<br />
Establishment of the East African Community.<br />
4. The Application relies on the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African<br />
Community which was not in existence at the time when the Applicant filed the<br />
case against the Government of Tanzania in 1993.<br />
5. The Application is retrospective to the Protocol to the African Charter since the<br />
Constitutional Amendments barring independent candidates for election to public<br />
office were made prior to Tanzania becoming a State Party to the Court’s<br />
Protocol and depositing the Article 34(6) declaration.<br />
15. On the merits, the Respondent submits as follows:<br />
1. That the Government has not violated the Applicant’s right to participate in<br />
Public/Government Affairs contrary to the African Charter and ICCPR as these<br />
instruments are not directly applicable in Tanzania, that the prohibition of Page 5 of 6<br />
independent candidates for election to Presidential, Parliamentary or Local<br />
Government is permissible based on the social needs of Tanzania and in any event,<br />
the Applicant has participated in Presidential elections in 2005 but lost, therefore he<br />
has not been prevented from exercising this right. The Applicant Chairs a political<br />
party; Democratic Party.<br />
2. That the Government has not violated the Applicant’s right to freedom of association<br />
since he has freely founded and chairs Democratic Party and that the requirement<br />
for one to be a member of and sponsored by a political party to be an elected public<br />
official is a reasonable limitation in the exercise of this right.<br />
3. Refutes the allegation that the requirement for the Applicant to be a member of and<br />
sponsored by a political party before he can seek public elective office is not<br />
discriminatory on the applicant as it applies to all Tanzanians.<br />
4. That the Government has not violated the rule of law by initiative a constitutional<br />
review and subsequent amendment while a case on the same subject matter was<br />
pending before the Courts in Tanzania as this was in line with the doctrine of<br />
separation of powers wherein Parliament could pass the Constitutional amendment<br />
while the Judiciary adjudicated on the matter as both are empowered to so act.<br />
16. From the foregoing, the Respondent asks that the application be declared<br />
inadmissible and that the Applicant bears its costs.<br />
F. PROCEDURE/CASE MANAGEMENT<br />
17.The Application dated 10 June 2011 was filed at the Registry on the same date.<br />
By letter dated 20 June 2011 to the Applicant’s Counsel, Registry acknowledged<br />
receipt of the Application, advised Counsel of the Application’s Registration<br />
Number and that service on the Respondent will be effected. At its 21<br />
st<br />
Ordinary<br />
Session of 6-17 June 2011, the Court directed Registry to serve the Application<br />
on the Respondent.<br />
18. Pursuant to Rule 35(2)(a), the Application was served on the Respondent by<br />
Note Verbale dated 17 June 2011 to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and<br />
International Cooperation. By this Note Verbale, the Respondent was advised of,<br />
the registration of the Application, and, pursuant to Rule 35(4)(a), of the<br />
requirement that it communicates the names and addresses of its<br />
representatives within thirty (30) days and pursuant to Rule 37 respond to the Page 6 of 6<br />
application within sixty (60) days. The Rules of Court were attached to the Note.<br />
This Note was copied to the Applicant’s Counsel. The Respondent received this<br />
Note Verbale and attachments on 23 June 2011.<br />
19. Pursuant to Rule 35(3), by a letter dated 18 July 28 March 2011, the Application<br />
was notified to the Chairperson of the African Union Commission (AUC) as<br />
representative of the AUC and through him, notified to the Executive Council of<br />
the AU and State Parties to the Protocol Establishing the Court. The AUC<br />
received this letter on 27 June 2011.<br />
20.By Note Verbale dated 27 July 2011 and received at the Registry on the same<br />
date, the Respondent communicated the names and addresses of its<br />
representatives. By Note verbale dated 23 August 2011 which was received at<br />
the Registry on 24 August 2011, the Respondent filed its pleadings. The Registry<br />
acknowledged receipt of the pleadings vide Note Verbale dated 25 August 2011.<br />
These pleadings were served on the Applicant’s counsel on 25 August 2011. The<br />
Applicant’s counsel was advised that should they wish to file a response to the<br />
Respondent’s pleadings, they should do so within thirty (30) days of receipt of the<br />
Respondent’s pleadings.<br />
G. PROPOSAL ON THE PROCEDURE TO BE APPLIED FURTHER<br />
21. Rule 54 pursuant to which ‘The Court may at any stage of the pleadings either on<br />
its own volition or in response to an application by any of the parties, order the<br />
joinder of interrelated cases and pleadings where it deems appropriate both in<br />
fact and in law.’ should be effected in relation to this Application and Reverend<br />
Christopher R. Mtikila v the United Republic of Tanzania Application No.<br />
011/2011 as both applications arise from the same cause of action and has<br />
similar pleadings. It is proposed that the Court issue an order for Joinder of the<br />
two Applications and notify the parties accordingly.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.african-court.org/en/images/documents/orders/Separate%20Opinion%20of%20Hon.%20Judge%20Ouguergouz%20in%20Application%20No%20012.2011%20-%20CONASYSED%20VS.%20GABON-%20English-Copy.pdf">http://www.african-court.org/en/images/documents/orders/Separate%20Opinion%20of%20Hon.%20Judge%20Ouguergouz%20in%20Application%20No%20012.2011%20-%20CONASYSED%20VS.%20GABON-%20English-Copy.pdf</a>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-21233307058054757652012-09-29T12:56:00.001-07:002012-09-29T12:56:16.278-07:00Tanganyika Farmers Association Limited v Njake Oil Company Limited (Civil Appeal No. 40 of 2005) [2006] TZCA 6 (27 July 2006)<br />
<center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF TANZANIA <u>AT DAR<b> </b>ES SALAAM</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">(CORAM: MROSO. J.A., MSOFFE, J.A., And KAJI. J.A.^</span></span></u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">CIVIL APPEAL NO. 40 OF 2005</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">THE TANGANYIKA FARMERS ASSOCIATION LIMITED</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">APPELLANT</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">VERSUS</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">NJAKE OIL COMPANY LIMITED</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">RESPONDENT</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Appeal from the Judgment of the High Court</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">of Tanzania - Commercial Division</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">at Dar es Salaam)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">(Kimaro, J.)</span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">dated the 14<sup>th</sup> December, 2004</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">in <u>Commercial Case No. 18 of 2004</u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><center style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">JUDGMENT OF THE COURT</span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></center>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">14 July & 3 August 2006</span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: small;">KAJI, 3.A.:</span></span></u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In this appeal, the appellant, Tanganyika Farmers Association Limited, is challenging the decision of the High Court at Dar-es-Salaam Commercial Division (Kimaro, J.) dated 14.12.2004 in Commercial Case No. 18 of 2004 in which the appellant was ordered to pay the respondent Njake Oil Company Limited Shs. 63,525,763/= being loss of profit, remaining use value of four fuel tanks, three pumps and an electricity generating machine emanating from an agreement which was terminated prematurely.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">•<span style="font-family: Arial;">*;..</span></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">2</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">The appellant is advocated for by Mr. Lukwaro, learned counsel, and the respondent is represented by Mr. Mkoba, learned counsel. Both counsel also appeared for the respective parties in the trial court.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">\</span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">At the trial the respondent company which was the plaintiff, had adduced evidence to the effect that, by a written contract dated 1.8.2002 (Exh. PI), the appellant and the respondent entered into an agreement in which the latter would supply fuel and related products at the former's petrol station situate at Karatu for a period of five (5) years. Before the supply of the said fuel and related products, the contract required the respondent, at its costs and expenses, to provide to the appellant and install necessary equipments and machinery required to run and operate the station. The respondent claimed to have made some renovations and improvements and to have installed four fuel tanks, three pumps and an electric generator to the station.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In August, 2003, the contract was terminated prematurely. Each party blamed the other for the breach. Consequently the respondent sued the appellant for Shs. 88,348,874.37 being loss of profit, remaining use value of four fuel tanks, three pumps, an electric</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">3</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">generator, unpaid fuel and general damages. The trial court held the appellant responsible for the breach of the contract. The respondent was awarded Shs. 63,525,763/=. <b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">\</span></b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">The appellant was dissatisfied; hence this appeal.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In a rather verbose memorandum of appeal Mr. Lukwaro, learned counsel, preferred twelve (12) grounds of appeal. However at the hearing he abandoned the last ground after realizing that it ought not to have been listed as a ground of appeal.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In arguing grounds Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 together Mr. Lukwaro contended that, Annexture 1 which was supposed to specify the necessary equipments which the respondent was required to provide at its own costs and expenses was not annexed to the contract. It therefore remained unclear which equipments the respondent was required to provide and whether the respondent complied with this condition of the contract satisfactorily as provided under clause 4 of the contract Exh. PI, asserted the learned counsel. In that respect it is the learned counsel's submission that the learned trial judge erred</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4<a name='more'></a></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">in fact in finding that the respondent installed all the necessary equipments which were necessary to run and operate the station. The learned counsel pointed out that, the equipments which the <u></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><u><a espondent="espondent" file:="" href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2006/6.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-weight: bold;">hyperlink</a></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><u></u> alleged to have installed, that is, 4 fuel tanks and 3 pumps belonged either to BP or to the appellant. Mr. Lukwaro further pointed out that, even Annexture 2 which was supposed to specify the renovations, additions and improvements to the station which the respondent was required to make at its own costs and expenses was not annexed to the contract, and that there was no evidence that the respondent made any renovation, additions or improvements to the station. In that respect the learned counsel faulted the learned trial judge in finding that the respondent made some renovations, additions and improvements as per the agreement.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Mr. Lukwako further observed that, there is ample evidence by DW1 Wilson Jacob Mallya, the Deputy Director of the appellant company, that the respondent refused to accept cheques from the appellant and insisted on prior payment which was a breach of a one month credit facility arrangement as provided for in the contract. Further that there was evidence by DW2 Getrude Mdamu that the respondent</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><br style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;" /><div style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">5</span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">refused to supply the required fuel and oil products unless and until paid in advance. Under the circumstances the learned counsel urged us to hold the respondent responsible for the breach of the contract. \his last part of his submission covered also the 5<sup>th</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> grounds of appeal.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In elaborating on ground No. 7 the learned counsel asserted that, the term "main supplier'' in the contract did not mean the respondent was the sole supplier. In that respect when the respondent refused to supply as demonstrated earlier the appellant sourced supply from other sources, and that this should not be taken as a breach of the contract, submitted the learned counsel. Submitting on grounds Nos. 8 and 9 together Mr. Lukwaro insisted that the fuel tanks and pumps belonged either to BP or to the appellant. The learned counsel referred the Court to Exh. Dl which is a letter dated 5.2.2002 from BP to the appellant notifying the appellant of their intention to repossess the said tanks and pumps. The learned counsel contended that, since the said tanks and pumps did not belong to the respondent, there was no basis upon which the</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">6</span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">respondent should be paid by the appellant Shs. 32,250,000/= being use value of the same.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Submitting on ground No. 10 Mr. Lukwaro observed that, the ^respondent was indebted to the appellant to a tune of Shs. 4,339,225/17 for various business transactions, and that PW2 Michael Mafikiri Maro had admitted that the appellant had some claims against the respondent. The learned counsel urged us to hold that that amount should be treated as a set off. In arguing ground No. 11 the learned counsel insisted that it was the respondent who breached the contract for the reasons stated earlier.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Responding to these submissions Mr. Mkoba, learned counsel for the respondent, contended that, the fuel tanks in issue belonged to the respondent. He conceded that formerly they belonged to BP, but later there was a mutual understanding between BP and the respondent whereby the said tanks were exchanged with those of the respondent, and so became the property of the respondent. As for the pumps the. learned counsel asserted that, BP removed the old ones belonging to BP and the respondent installed three new ones, and that this was supported by the evidence of PW1 Ndekiro Arsel</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">7</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Maimu, and to some extent by DW2 Anamenyisa Johnson Macha. As for renovations, additions and improvements, the learned counsel pointed out that the evidence of PW2 speaks by itself on the Venovations, additions and improvements made to the station.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 5pt;">V</span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">On whether the respondent refused to accept the appellant's cheques the learned counsel asserted that the only cheque turned down by the respondent was the one with less amount after the appellant had unilaterally deducted some amount on the pretext of exercising the right of set off. The learned counsel denied the respondent to have breached the one month credit facility term. The learned counsel observed that that allegation was not even put forward by the appellant when corresponding with the respondent on why the appellant no longer ordered supply from the respondent. The learned counsel conceded that the term "main supplier" did not mean the respondent was the sole supplier. But he was quick to point out that from July, 2003 the appellant never ordered any supply from the respondent and resorted to other suppliers although the respondent was ready and willing to supply.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Responding to ground No. 8 the learned counsel insisted that, the four fuel tanks and three pumps belonged to the respondent. He</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>8</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">doubted whether Exh. Dl referred to the fuel tanks and pumps in issue because when it was written the station was in full operation, unlike Exh. Dl which suggests at the material time the tanks and <u></u></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><u><a file:="" href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2006/6.html" pumps="pumps" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-weight: bold;">hyperlink</a></u></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><u></u>were lying idle.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Furthermore, while it is processed by computer, the word "Karatu" is hand written, observed the learned counsel. Responding to the claim of Shs. 32,250,000/= as use value of the four fuel tanks and three pumps and the electric generator for the remaining period of two years, the learned counsel pointed out that, the evidence of PW2 is very clear on this. As for the alleged set off the learned counsel supported the learned judge's finding that it did not comply with the requirement of Order VIII Rule 6 (1) of the Civil Procedure Code, 1966.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Responding to the appellant's submission on ground No. 11, the learned counsel insisted that it was the appellant who breached the contract by failing to order supply for no good cause and for terminating the contract without the requisite three (3) months notice.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>9</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">We have carefully considered the rival submissions by learned</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">counsel for both parties. For a better sequence of events, we think,</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">it is appropriate if we deal with the appeal following the order in</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"></span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><a file:="" href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2006/6.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-weight: bold;" vhich="vhich">hyperlink</a></span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"> jt was argued and submitted by counsel. We therefore start</span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 4pt;">V.</span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">with grounds Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Essentially, they refer to whether the respondent provided the equipments required to run the petrol station at Karatu as per the agreement, and whether the respondent made the renovation and the installation as per the agreement. It is common ground that from August, 2000 till around June, 2003 the petrol station in issue was operating, and that the main supplier of fuel and related* products was the respondent. This leaves no doubt in our minds that there were equipments necessary for the operation of the station. The only issue on this is whether it was the respondent who was the owner of the equipments. While the respondent is maintaining that they (i.e. four fuel tanks, three pumps and an electric generator) were theirs, the appellant on the other hand is contending that the four fuel tanks and three pumps were the property of BP.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">The appellant does not say who was the owner of the electric generator but impliedly denies its existence. Going by the evidence</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">10</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">of PW2 it is evident that the four fuel tanks formerly were the property of BP but later they were taken over by the respondent in exchange with their tanks. As for the three pumps, there is evidence ^y the same witness that they were installed by the respondent after BP had removed theirs. This was supported to some extent by DW2. There is also evidence by the same witness PW2 that the respondent installed an electric generator for the operation of the station. As for renovation, additions and improvements, there is evidence by PW2 that the respondent did the following works:-</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">-" Back filling and leveling</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">- Connection of pipes and calibration.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">The state of affairs being as portrayed above, we accept the respondent's learned counsel's submission that Exh. Dl probably referred to other tanks and pumps, especially bearing in mind the anomalies which the learned counsel pointed out. For these reasons we are respectfully in agreement with the learned trial judge's finding of fact that the respondent provided the equipments and did the above works for the operation of the station.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>11</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">There is a complaint by the appellant on the absence of Annextures 1 and 2. We will deal with this later.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Coming to grounds Nos. 5 and 6 the appellant's complaint is that, the <u></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><u><a espondent="espondent" file:="" href="http://www.saflii.org/tz/cases/TZCA/2006/6.html" style="color: #0b4b0b; font-weight: bold;">hyperlink</a></u></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><u></u> refused to accept cheques from the appellant and insisted on prior payment thereby breaching a term of the contract which provided for a one month credit facility. But the totality of the evidence points to only one cheque which was turned down which had less amount on the pretext that the appellant had set off some amount which it was claiming against the respondent for some other business transactions. That refusal was justified as it will become apparent later. There is nothing in the record suggesting that the appellant reduced the one month credit facility. There is nothing to fault the learned trial judge's finding on this.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">There is no dispute that from around July/August, 2003 the appellant ceased to order supplies of fuel and related products from the respondent and resorted to other suppliers, precisely CALTEX. In its letter Exh. P2 the appellant did not say why it ceased to order the same from the respondent and resorted to other suppliers. Instead</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">12</span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">the appellant threw the ball to its advisor, a Mr. P.F. White who was by then out of the country.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">The appellant never clarified even when Mr. White was back in the Country. That being the case, it is apparent that, although the respondent was not the sole supplier but merely the main supplier, yet where the respondent was ready and willing to supply but the appellant ceased to present its orders for no good ground, the appellant breached the terms of clauses 1 and 5. This answers the appellant's complaint in ground No. 7.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Grounds Nos. 8 and 9 refer to ownership of the four fuel tanks and three pumps, and the justification or otherwise of their use value. We have already found that the same belonged to the respondent. The use value of the same was clarified by PW2 in his evidence. We have nothing to fault the learned trial judge's finding on this.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In ground No. 10 the appellant's complaint is that, the learned trial judge erred in law and in fact in finding that the appellant had no claim against the respondent entitling the appellant to a right of</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">13</span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">set off. Admittedly, the appellant had pleaded right of set off to the tune of Shs. 4,339,225/17 in paragraph 11 of the Amended Written Statement of Defence. Even PW2 in his evidence admitted the respondent to be indebted to the appellant for some claims, although he did not specify the amount. The issue here is not whether the respondent is indebted to the appellant or whether the appellant has a right of set off. The issue here is whether the right of set off was properly pleaded.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">The law on pleadings allows a defendant to raise a claim of set off in his written statement of defence. But there are conditions which must be complied with as provided for under order VIII Rule 6 (1) of the Civil procedure Code, 1966. For ease of reference we hereby reproduce the said provision:</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Order VIII Rule 6 (1): Where in a suit for the recovery of money the defendant claims to set off against the plaintiff's demand any ascertained sum of money legally recoverable by him from the plaintiff, not exceeding the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of the court, and</span></span></u></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">14</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">both parties fill the same character<br />a they fill in the plaintiff's suit, the<br />defendant may, within period of<br />twenty-one days of being served<br />\</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">with the summons, present a</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">written statement containing the particulars of the debt sought to be set off.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Mogha's Law of Pleadings with Precedents - Fourteenth Edition -Eastern Law House page 322 is also very relevant on how a claim for set off should be. It says:-</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">UA claim for set off must <span style="font-family: Arial;">—<span style="font-family: Arial;"> give all the particulars of the set off, the amount claimed, the cause of action for the amount, the person to whom and by whom it is due and the date of which it became due."</span></span></span></span></sup></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In the instant case the alleged set-off was not particularised in the manner envisaged by the above provision. In that respect we fully agree with the learned trial judge in rejecting it for not being properly pleaded.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">15</span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">Lastly is ground No. 11 in which the appellant is blaming the respondent for the breach of the contract for refusing to accept cheques, failure to supply fuel, reducing the one month credit facility end for failure to annex annextures 1 and 2 to Exh. PI. We have already expressed our view on the alleged refusal to accept cheques, failure to supply fuel and reducing the one month credit facility. We think it would be of no practical value to go all over them again. As for failure to annex the above annextures, it is common ground that, indeed they were not annexed. Annexture 1 referred to a list of necessary equipments required to run and operate the station which the respondent was required to supply and install at its own costs and expenses. Annexture 2 referred to renovations, additions and improvements the respondent was required to make at its own expenses. We have already found as a fact that the four fuel tanks, three pumps and the electric generator belonged to the respondent. We have also found as a fact that some renovations were made as demonstrated earlier. It is also common ground that the station operated for a period of three years. That being the case we are inclined to hold that the respondent supplied the necessary equipments for the operation of the station and made the necessary</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>16</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><div align="left" style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">renovation. Had this not been the case the station wouldn't operate and the appellant wouldn't have remained mum. He would definitely have complained. There is nothing suggesting that the appellant took issues with the respondent on the matter. At any rate, it is our considered view that failure to annex those annextures did not affect the supply of fuel and related products, and the respondent cannot be held responsible for the breach of the contract for the failure. On the contrary, for the reasons stated, and for the undisputed fact that the appellant terminated the contract without the requisite three months notice, we agree with the learned trial judge that it was the appellant which breached the contract, and was rightly ordered to pay the respondent what the respondent would have earned had the contract been performed to the end.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">In the result, and for the reasons stated, we dismiss the appeal with costs.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Times New Roman; line-height: 25.600000381469727px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><div style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">17</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial;">th</span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">DATED at DAR ES SALAAM this 27<sup>th</sup> day of July, 2006.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #242121; font-family: Verdana, 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 25.600000381469727px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; margin-top: 0.6em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: Courier New;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">J.A. MROSO <u>JUSTICE OF APPEA</u>L</span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Courier New;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">\</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">JA. MSOFFE <b>J<u>USTICE OF APPEAL</u></b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">S.N. KAJI <b><u>JUSTICE OF APPEAL</u></b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I certify that this is a true copy of the original</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">( S.M. RUMANYIKA ) <b><u>DEPUTY REGISTRAR</u></b></span></span></span></span></div>
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-37157070816337168492012-09-23T18:08:00.001-07:002012-09-23T18:08:16.315-07:00The Law School of Tanzania buildings<img src="http://lst.ac.tz/fade/fadephotos/21stAug2012_3381_lst_new_buildings1.jpg" />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.lst.ac.tz/index.php">http://www.lst.ac.tz/index.php</a>
TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-3633790262355265612012-04-08T11:13:00.000-07:002012-04-08T11:13:10.544-07:00A STRATEGY STATEMENT OF THE LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF TANZANIA 2009-2013This Strategy is yet another Strategic Plan of the Law Reform<br />
Commission of Tanzania (LRCT) after its initial Strategic Plan for<br />
three year period of 2003-2006, which was followed by another<br />
Medium Term Strategic Plan for three year period covering the<br />
financial year 2006/2007 to financial year 2008/2009. It is however,<br />
the first plan of the Commission which was developed through the<br />
active participation of a wider spectrum of stakeholders. It covers the<br />
period of 2009-2013 inclusive. The statement reflects the views of<br />
the Commission and Stakeholders on what needs to be done to<br />
maximize the central role and contribution of the Commission in<br />
relation to law reform and to ensure that the organization operates<br />
to optimum efficiency and effectiveness and makes the best use of<br />
available resources.<br />
The statement has been drawn up after extensive consultation<br />
with the members of staff of the Commission and it incorporates a<br />
number of important points made by them during this consultation<br />
process. The emphasis in drawing up the Statement is to ensure that<br />
it had a real meaning for the organization and its staff. It had to<br />
represent the key priorities of the Commission for 2009-2013. It had<br />
to set clear responsibilities and accountabilities for the achievement<br />
of these priorities.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
This had to be the most important working document for the<br />
Commission, management and staff; one to which they will constantly<br />
refer to in assessing the performance and development of the<br />
Organization.<br />
1.1 Mandate of the Law Reform Commission of Tanzania<br />
The Law Reform Commission of Tanzania (LRCT) is a statutory body<br />
established by the Law Reform Commission of Tanzania Act, 1980<br />
(Act. No 11 of 1980), Cap. 171 [R.E. 2002]. The role and mandate of<br />
the Commission under the Act are, to:<br />
a) take and keep under review all the laws of the United Republic<br />
with a view to its systematic development and reform;<br />
b) review any law or branch of law<br />
<br />
<br />
Read more <a href="http://www.lrct.go.tz/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LRCTstrategic-plan.pdf">http://www.lrct.go.tz/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/LRCTstrategic-plan.pdf</a>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-75573623580720758162012-04-08T11:08:00.002-07:002012-04-08T11:08:25.715-07:00The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania with<br />
the support of Multi-donors is implementing a programme<br />
for Business Environment Strengthening for Tanzania<br />
(BEST) with the objective of enhancing enterprise growth<br />
and competitiveness, through the establishment of a simpler,<br />
more enabling, appropriate and sustainable regulatory<br />
environment for business in Tanzania. The establishment of<br />
the programme was approved by the Cabinet in July 2002 and<br />
the implementation started in February, 2004. Initially, the<br />
programme was funded by Danish International Development<br />
Agency (DANIDA), UK Department for International<br />
Development (DFID), Swedish International Development<br />
Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and the Netherlands Embassy.<br />
However, in January, 2006 the World Bank joined the<br />
programme resulting into restructuring of the same which<br />
became; Private Sector Competitiveness Project (PSCP) and is<br />
comprised of three components, namely;<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
1. The Business Environment Strengthening for Tanzania<br />
(BEST), programme for creating conducive business<br />
environment;<br />
2. The Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF) for<br />
Private Sector Development;and<br />
3. The Financial Sector Deepening Trust (FSDT) for access<br />
to finance.<br />
The BEST Programme is coordinated by Better Regulation<br />
Section (BRS), which is under the Prime Minister’s office.<br />
The main implementers of the programme are government<br />
departments and agencies, including the Law Reform<br />
Commission of Tanzania (LRCT).<br />
Programme Components.<br />
The BEST Programme has 7 main components namely;<br />
1. Business Entry, Regulation and Exit<br />
This component ensures business entry, operation and<br />
exit nationwide is at low cost, fast and efficient; this<br />
component is under the Business Registrations and<br />
Licensing Agency (BRELA).<br />
2. Land Administration Reform<br />
This component aims at ensuring that an effective,<br />
efficient and equitable land administration system is in<br />
place, guaranteeing security of tenure and efficient land<br />
market. The component is under the Ministry of Lands,<br />
Housing and Human Settlement.<br />
3. Commercial Dispute Resolution (CDR)<br />
The objective of the component is to improve overall<br />
environment for business by reducing the complexity and<br />
to ensure timely, efficient, accessible and cost effective<br />
resolution of commercial disputes. The component is<br />
under the Ministry of Constitutional Affairs and Justice.<br />
Implementers of this component are; the Ministry of<br />
Constitutional Affairs and Justice, Judiciary, the Law<br />
Reform Commission of Tanzania and the Tanganyika<br />
Law Society.<br />
4. Labour Law Reform<br />
The purpose of the component is to establish an efficient,<br />
flexible and socially responsive labour market and the<br />
component is under the Ministry of Labour, Employment<br />
and Youth Development.<br />
5. Strengthening the Tanzania Investment Centre<br />
(TIC)<br />
The objective of the component is to support TIC to<br />
attract new investment and maximize its impact on the<br />
economy.<br />
6. BEST Coordination, policy Analysis and Regulatory<br />
Reform Advisory Services<br />
This component supports the responsible unit (BRS) to<br />
coordinate the programme for effective implementation.<br />
7. BEST Tanzania Zanzibar (Sub-programme)<br />
This component operates in Tanzania Zanzibar under the<br />
Ministry of Finance and it aims at strengthening business<br />
environment in Tanzania Zanzibar.<br />
THE REVIEW OF THE CIVIL<br />
JUSTICE SYSTEM IN TANZANIA<br />
The Review of the Civil Justice System is part of the justice<br />
system that enforces, restores, or protects private and personal<br />
rights. In other words, Civil Justice System is about resolution<br />
of disputes among private individuals and entities but not<br />
involving crimes. Civil Justice System includes commercial<br />
disputes, personal injury claims and disputes between<br />
individuals and the government.<br />
The Law Reform Commission of Tanzania is undertaking<br />
a Review of the Civil Justice System because it is now clear<br />
that, business environment of any country depends on great<br />
measure upon an efficient and accessible system of dispute<br />
resolution. An efficient and accessible Civil Justice System<br />
will enable more timely and less costly resolution of disputes.<br />
This will enable greater access to justice for all Tanzanians.<br />
By reviewing the Civil Justice System, the Law Reform<br />
Commission of Tanzania is implementing the commitment<br />
of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania to<br />
enhance access to justice to all as spelt out under Article 107A<br />
of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, which<br />
insists on delivery of justice without regard to the litigants’<br />
social or economic status and in a timely manner or without<br />
undue delay, adequate compensation in case of injuries caused<br />
by others; amicable settlement and dispute resolutions and<br />
delivery of justice without undue technicalities.<br />
<a href="http://www.lrct.go.tz/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/law-reform-newsletter-english.pdf">http://www.lrct.go.tz/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/law-reform-newsletter-english.pdf</a>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6332586173645013604.post-77889998998383745442012-02-09T17:51:00.000-08:002012-02-09T17:51:00.834-08:00The Wake of Information Security in Tanzania<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">ABSTRACT.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><em style="background-color: white;">Information age has turned information to be a precious resource. And thus any organization which wishes to compete be it a private company or public corporation the question of Information security must be given priority. Such wake for information security has taken pace in Tanzania. This paper tries to highlight that wake in Tanzania.</em></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">The initiative for information security in Tanzania can historically be linked with the 1970s incidence, where in 1970s there was a plan to computerize the whole Tanzania- Government accounting system using the computer model ICL 1900 which was located at the Ministry of Finance headquarter in Dar es salaam. The project terribly failed and has scrapped after a heavy loss. For two consecutive years the government could not tell how much money it had spent or collected as revenue.<a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">As a response to that in 1974 the law was passed to ban importation of computers and related equipments after suffering heavy financial losses.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">Though later in 1980s the computer importation was allowed in the country under the scrutiny of the Advisory Committee which had a duty to grant import licences.<a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">With the coming of mobile phones and internet, ICT application in Tanzania got many clients. And the concern of about information security was and yet is more alarming.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">There are hackers, malicious programs like computer viruses, worms, just to mention a few.<strong></strong></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">Attackers are assumed to have various levels of expertise, resources, and motivation. Attackers can either be insiders or outsiders. Relevant expertise may be in general semiconductor technology, software engineering, hacker techniques, or the specific system. Resources may range from personal computers and inexpensive card reading/coding devices to very expensive and sophisticated engineering test, measurement devices, and replica of Company vending devices. They may also include software routines, some of which are readily available on the Internet. Motivation may include economic reward, resentment, or notoriety of defeating high-grade security. <a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a>Given sufficient time and expertise, any particular company vending application software can be compromised.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">Threat to Security</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">The PP is required to counter threats that may be broadly categorized as:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: SymbolMT;">- </span>Threats addressed by the system:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">- Threats associated with physical attack on the system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">- Threats associated with logical attack on the system</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">- Threats associated with control of access</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">- Threats associated with unanticipated interactions</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;">- Threats regarding the security module</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">- Threats that monitor informational<a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a></span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">All these if not taken care of they will always be very costly to an individual or organization. “Information security assurance therefore must be taken into consideration as part of the business and systems engineering process.”<a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">¨</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">How information security is secured.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">Information security program, blending best management practices with key physical and information technology safeguards. Drilling down to the critical building blocks of information security, covers security policies, awareness, administration, models, mechanisms, and architectures; availability, backup, recovery, and business continuity planning; firewalls; user authentication; cryptography; network concepts and security.<a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">The initiatives so far undertaken are only in technical and training as such and here there are several IT vendors like the Agumba Computers Company which is very well known in Tanzania for providing inter alia IT Security training and consultancy. Agumba has presented several papers on IT Security in Tanzania. The other company dealing with providing IT Security Training is Tanzania Global Development Learning Centre.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">Despite the initiatives undertaken there is yet still a problem particularly on the legal system. The legal infrastructure in Tanzania is yet to incorporate Information Security as an area worth legal safeguard. In this way it is not surprising to find hackers or those defrauding the IT system walking away unpunished by the law.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">It is therefore prudent and sound that the initiatives should not only be on technical area put also the legal infrastructure should address such matters related to information security in Tanzania.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">REFERENCES.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">It Security: Security Management Practices – Theory and Practical.</span></strong></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;"><strong><a href="http://www.tgdlc.go.tz/Index.php?id=news_course" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">http://www.tgdlc.go.tz/Index.php?id=news_course</span></a></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></strong></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">Klodwig Mgaya, Development of Information Technology in Tanzania.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu19ie/uu19ie0i.htm" style="background-color: white; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu19ie/uu19ie0i.htm</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">E-Security and Cyber Crimes Training Workshop</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://agumba.biz/index.php?id=33" style="background-color: white; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">http://agumba.biz/index.php?id=33</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white;">Job Asheri Chaula, at el , A Framework for Evaluation of Information Security Systems, A Case Study of Tanzania Electric Supply Company ( TANESCO).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"><span class="a"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;"><a href="http://www.icsa.cs.up.ac.za/issa/2005/Proceedings/Full/062_Article.pdf-" style="text-decoration: none;">www.icsa.cs.up.ac.za/issa/2005/Proceedings/Full/062_Article.pdf-</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Regional Information Security Consultative Forum; </span></strong>Status of Information Security in Tanzania, Paul Koyi, Agumba Computers, Tanzania <a href="http://www.uneca.org/aisi/NICI/EACeSecurity.htm" style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.uneca.org/aisi/NICI/EACeSecurity.htm</a><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;">Howard Shila, Effectiveness of Informatics Policy Instruments in Africa, Tanzania. Available at</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.uneca.org/aisi/tanzania.htm" style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.uneca.org/aisi/tanzania.htm</a> visited on 03/02/2008</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Tanzania</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> Communications Regulatory Authority.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.tcra.go.tz/" style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.tcra.go.tz/</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;">National Information and Communications and Technology Policy</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.tanzania.go.tz/policiesf.html" style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.tanzania.go.tz/policiesf.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;">The Parliament of Tanzania</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.parliament.go.tz/bunge/bunge.asp" style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.parliament.go.tz/bunge/bunge.asp</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><br />
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<div id="ftn1"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> <a href="http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu19ie/uu19ie0i.htm" style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu19ie/uu19ie0i.htm</a>visited on 17/11/2007</span></div></div><div id="ftn2"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> Ibid</span></div></div><div id="ftn3"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> Job Asheri Chaula, at el , A Framework for Evaluation of Information Security Systems, A Case Study of Tanzania Electric Supply Company ( TANESCO). Available at</span></div><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><span class="a" style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.icsa.cs.up.ac.za/issa/2005/Proceedings/Full/062_Article.pdf-" style="text-decoration: none;">www.icsa.cs.up.ac.za/issa/2005/Proceedings/Full/062_Article.pdf-</a> last visited on 01/02/2008</span></div></div><div id="ftn4"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> Ibid</span></div></div><div id="ftn5"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> Ibid</span></div></div><div id="ftn6"><div class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://tanlex.wordpress.com/#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a> <a href="http://www.tgdlc.go.tz/Index.php?id=news_course" style="text-decoration: none;">http://www.tgdlc.go.tz/Index.php?id=news_course</a> last visited on 01/02/2008</span></div></div></div>TANZANIA LAW AND ORDERhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17824375524794171490noreply@blogger.com2